Research-Stack/5-Applications/scripts/quad_sampled_scanlines.py

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Quad-Sampled Scanlines
Quad-sample each scanline 4 times to effectively quadruple vertical resolution.
Architecture:
- Each physical scanline rendered 4 times with subpixel offsets
- DSP math interpolates between samples
- Palette generator blends colors
- Voltage computation modulates sampling timing
- Effective resolution: 256×240 physical → 256×960 perceived
This is horrific because:
- 4x temporal supersampling on hardware designed for 1x
- Abuse of scanline timing and modulation
- Requires precise voltage-level timing control
This is wonderful because:
- Effective 4x vertical resolution increase
- Temporal supersampling without hardware modification
- Maximum retro insanity: quad sampling = 4x resolution
"""
import math
from typing import List, Tuple
from dataclasses import dataclass
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Quad-Sampled Scanline
# Single scanline sampled 4 times with subpixel offsets
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
@dataclass
class SubpixelSample:
"""Single subpixel sample"""
offset: float # 0.0-1.0 subpixel offset
color: Tuple[int, int, int] # RGB color
voltage: float # Voltage level for timing
@dataclass
class QuadSampledScanline:
"""Scanline with 4 subpixel samples"""
samples: List[SubpixelSample]
def interpolate(self) -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
"""
Interpolate 4 samples into final color.
Uses weighted average based on subpixel positions.
"""
if not self.samples:
return (0, 0, 0)
total_r = 0.0
total_g = 0.0
total_b = 0.0
total_weight = 0.0
for sample in self.samples:
# Weight based on offset (center samples have higher weight)
weight = 1.0 - abs(sample.offset - 0.5)
total_r += sample.color[0] * weight
total_g += sample.color[1] * weight
total_b += sample.color[2] * weight
total_weight += weight
if total_weight == 0:
return (0, 0, 0)
return (
int(total_r / total_weight),
int(total_g / total_weight),
int(total_b / total_weight)
)
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# DSP-Based Scanline Interpolation
# Use DSP math operations to interpolate between samples
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
class DSPScanlineInterpolator:
"""DSP math for scanline interpolation"""
@staticmethod
def bicubic_interpolation(samples: List[SubpixelSample], target_offset: float) -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
"""
Bicubic interpolation between samples.
Uses voltage levels to determine interpolation weights.
"""
if len(samples) < 4:
# Fallback to linear interpolation
return DSPScanlineInterpolator.linear_interpolation(samples, target_offset)
# Find surrounding samples
sorted_samples = sorted(samples, key=lambda s: s.offset)
# Bicubic weights (simplified)
weights = []
for sample in sorted_samples:
distance = abs(sample.offset - target_offset)
if distance < 1.0:
weight = 1.0 - distance
else:
weight = 0.0
weights.append(weight)
# Interpolate
total_r = sum(s.color[0] * w for s, w in zip(sorted_samples, weights))
total_g = sum(s.color[1] * w for s, w in zip(sorted_samples, weights))
total_b = sum(s.color[2] * w for s, w in zip(sorted_samples, weights))
total_weight = sum(weights)
if total_weight == 0:
return (0, 0, 0)
return (
int(total_r / total_weight),
int(total_g / total_weight),
int(total_b / total_weight)
)
@staticmethod
def linear_interpolation(samples: List[SubpixelSample], target_offset: float) -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
"""Linear interpolation between samples"""
if len(samples) < 2:
return samples[0].color if samples else (0, 0, 0)
# Find two closest samples
sorted_samples = sorted(samples, key=lambda s: s.offset)
# Find samples surrounding target
lower = None
upper = None
for sample in sorted_samples:
if sample.offset <= target_offset:
lower = sample
else:
upper = sample
break
if lower is None:
return sorted_samples[0].color
if upper is None:
return sorted_samples[-1].color
# Interpolate
t = (target_offset - lower.offset) / (upper.offset - lower.offset)
r = lower.color[0] + t * (upper.color[0] - lower.color[0])
g = lower.color[1] + t * (upper.color[1] - lower.color[1])
b = lower.color[2] + t * (upper.color[2] - lower.color[2])
return (int(r), int(g), int(b))
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Quad-Sampled Frame Generator
# Generate frames with quad-sampled scanlines
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
class QuadSampledFrameGenerator:
"""Generate frames with quad-sampled scanlines"""
def __init__(self):
self.interpolator = DSPScanlineInterpolator()
def generate_scanline(self, base_color: Tuple[int, int, int],
line_number: int, frame_number: int) -> QuadSampledScanline:
"""
Generate quad-sampled scanline.
4 samples with subpixel offsets: 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75
"""
samples = []
# Generate 4 subpixel samples with slight variations
for i in range(4):
offset = i / 4.0
# Subpixel variation based on line and frame
variation = math.sin(line_number * 0.1 + frame_number * 0.05 + i * 0.25)
# Modulate color with variation
r = min(255, max(0, base_color[0] + variation * 20))
g = min(255, max(0, base_color[1] + variation * 15))
b = min(255, max(0, base_color[2] + variation * 10))
# Voltage level based on offset (for timing control)
voltage = 0.0 + offset * 5.0 # 0-5V range
samples.append(SubpixelSample(offset, (int(r), int(g), int(b)), voltage))
return QuadSampledScanline(samples)
def generate_frame(self, base_colors: List[Tuple[int, int, int]],
frame_number: int) -> List[Tuple[int, int, int]]:
"""
Generate frame with quad-sampled scanlines.
Returns interpolated colors for each scanline.
"""
frame = []
for line_number, base_color in enumerate(base_colors):
scanline = self.generate_scanline(base_color, line_number, frame_number)
interpolated_color = scanline.interpolate()
frame.append(interpolated_color)
return frame
def generate_high_res_frame(self, base_colors: List[Tuple[int, int, int]],
frame_number: int) -> List[Tuple[int, int, int]]:
"""
Generate high-resolution frame (4x vertical).
Returns 4 interpolated colors per scanline.
"""
frame = []
for line_number, base_color in enumerate(base_colors):
scanline = self.generate_scanline(base_color, line_number, frame_number)
# Generate 4 interpolated colors per scanline
for i in range(4):
target_offset = i / 4.0
interpolated = self.interpolator.bicubic_interpolation(
scanline.samples, target_offset
)
frame.append(interpolated)
return frame
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Test / Demo
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
def run_test():
"""Run quad-sampled scanline test"""
print("=" * 70)
print("QUAD-SAMPLED SCANLINES")
print("=" * 70)
print("\n[*] Architecture:")
print(" Each scanline sampled 4 times with subpixel offsets")
print(" Offsets: 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75")
print(" DSP math interpolates between samples")
print(" Voltage levels control sampling timing")
print(" Effective resolution: 256×240 → 256×960 (4x vertical)")
generator = QuadSampledFrameGenerator()
# Create base colors (simple gradient)
print("\n[*] Creating base colors (gradient)...")
base_colors = []
for i in range(240):
r = int((i / 240) * 255)
g = int((1 - i / 240) * 255)
b = 128
base_colors.append((r, g, b))
print(f" Created {len(base_colors)} base colors")
# Generate standard frame
print("\n[*] Generating standard quad-sampled frame...")
standard_frame = generator.generate_frame(base_colors, frame_number=0)
print(f" Frame size: {len(standard_frame)} scanlines")
print(f" Sample colors: scanline 0 = {standard_frame[0]}, scanline 119 = {standard_frame[119]}, scanline 239 = {standard_frame[239]}")
# Generate high-res frame (4x vertical)
print("\n[*] Generating high-resolution frame (4x vertical)...")
high_res_frame = generator.generate_high_res_frame(base_colors, frame_number=0)
print(f" Frame size: {len(high_res_frame)} scanlines (4x vertical)")
print(f" Sample colors: scanline 0 = {high_res_frame[0]}, scanline 479 = {high_res_frame[479]}, scanline 959 = {high_res_frame[959]}")
# Calculate resolution
print("\n[*] Resolution Analysis:")
print(f" Physical NES resolution: 256×240")
print(f" Quad-sampled vertical resolution: 256×{len(high_res_frame)}")
print(f" Vertical resolution multiplier: {len(high_res_frame) / 240}x")
# Animation test
print("\n[*] Generating 5-frame animation...")
for frame in range(5):
frame_data = generator.generate_frame(base_colors, frame_number=frame)
print(f" Frame {frame}: {len(frame_data)} scanlines")
print("\n" + "=" * 70)
print("QUAD-SAMPLED SCANLINES COMPLETE")
print("=" * 70)
print("\n[*] Horrific: 4x temporal supersampling on 1x hardware")
print("[*] Wonderful: Effective 4x vertical resolution increase")
print("[*] Maximum retro insanity: quad sampling = 4x resolution")
print("\n[*] Can we generate 640×480?")
print(" Horizontal: 256 (fixed by NES PPU)")
print(" Vertical: 960 (4x quad-sampled)")
print(" Result: 256×960 (not 640×480, but 4x vertical)")
if __name__ == "__main__":
run_test()