feat(p28): close exact Ramanujan 2.8 limit
Portable proof handoff intended for verified mirror base 1229ab9e61bee936cb1a29c0693ee56922d2d908.
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docs/proofs/PROBLEM_28_COMPLETE_PROOF.md
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docs/proofs/PROBLEM_28_COMPLETE_PROOF.md
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# Problem 2.8 — Exact Hypergeometric Tail Closure
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**Status:** PROVED
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**Date:** July 2026
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For every official column \(j=1,2,3,4\), the authoritative recurrence
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satisfies
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\[
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\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_{N,j}}{Q_{N,j}}
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=\frac{\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}.
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\]
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Equivalently, in the orientation requested by Ramanujan Challenge
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Problem 2.8,
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\[
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\boxed{\displaystyle
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\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{Q_{N,j}}{P_{N,j}}
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=\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{10005}}}.
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\]
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## Exact closure
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The proof closes the former connection-functional gap through:
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1. an exact nonterminating \({}_4F_3\) tail with
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\(M_Nk_{N+1}=k_N\);
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2. a rank-one discrete-valuation argument giving the all-\(N\)
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Padé divisibility pattern;
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3. an exact terminating adjoint \({}_4F_3\) formula for the denominator;
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4. positivity at \(z_0=-1/53360^3\) and a fixed-point Cauchy bound with
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\[
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\beta=
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\frac{3125}{1307443596565949700399927}
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<4\cdot10^{-19};
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\]
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5. the Chudnovsky CM value
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\(\Phi(x_0)=\sqrt{10005}/\pi\);
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6. an exact Rouché separation of the characteristic quartic, a positive
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denominator lower bound, and the cyclic-frame argument transferring the
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first-column result to all four columns.
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The proof is structural and does not infer equality from the earlier
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\(10^{-1052}\) numerical enclosure.
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## Authoritative artifacts
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- `docs/proofs/PROBLEM_28_PROOF.tex`
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- `docs/proofs/PROBLEM_28_PROOF.pdf`
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- `experiments/ramanujan_28/submission/`
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- `experiments/ramanujan_28/submission/ramanujan_challenge_problem_2_8.zip`
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The primary Wolfram Language certificate contains 22 exact symbolic checks
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plus a consolidated PASS conclusion. Dependency-free Python checks verify
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the rank-one algebra, the Rouché inequality, and the convergence constants.
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Independent SageMath certificates provide secondary exact cross-checks.
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## Release verification
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- Independent adversarial proof audit: **PASS**
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- Wolfram exact checks: **22/22 PASS**
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- Python exact checks: **PASS**
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- LaTeX build: **PASS**, zero warnings
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- PDF visual inspection: **PASS**, all 10 pages
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- Clean ZIP extraction and PDF rebuild: **PASS**
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SHA-256:
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```text
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PDF a70c50287b24d13bdb113bcdbf87011dcbd698fdd4a7566ede5a8b37aeb8c2b9
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ZIP 60b9d60808af129a339064e72b2ad5bd8ff9bc933c3905cf8faf821316cab91d
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```
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BIN
docs/proofs/PROBLEM_28_PROOF.pdf
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docs/proofs/PROBLEM_28_PROOF.pdf
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docs/proofs/PROBLEM_28_PROOF.tex
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docs/proofs/PROBLEM_28_PROOF.tex
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\documentclass[11pt]{article}
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\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
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\usepackage{lmodern}
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\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm,mathtools}
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\usepackage{array,booktabs}
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\usepackage{enumitem}
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\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
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\usepackage{microtype}
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\usepackage{xcolor}
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\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
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\usepackage{listings}
|
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|
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\definecolor{codegray}{RGB}{245,245,245}
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\lstset{
|
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basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,
|
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backgroundcolor=\color{codegray},
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frame=single,
|
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breaklines=true,
|
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columns=fullflexible,
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keepspaces=true
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}
|
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|
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\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
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\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
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\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
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\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
|
||||
\theoremstyle{definition}
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||||
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
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||||
\theoremstyle{remark}
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\newtheorem{remark}{Remark}
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|
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\newcommand{\F}[2]{{}_{#1}F_{#2}}
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\newcommand{\Q}{\mathbb{Q}}
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\newcommand{\e}{\mathbf e}
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\newcommand{\diag}{\operatorname{diag}}
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\newcommand{\ord}{\operatorname{ord}}
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\title{An Exact Hypergeometric Tail Certificate for\\
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Ramanujan Challenge Problem 2.8}
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\author{Problem 2.8 submission}
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\date{July 2026}
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\begin{document}
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\maketitle
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\begin{abstract}
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Let \(G_N=M_0M_1\cdots M_{N-1}\) be the \(4\times4\) transfer
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product in Ramanujan Challenge Problem 2.8, and let \(P_{N,j}\) and
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\(Q_{N,j}\) be the two official seeded rows evaluated in column \(j\).
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We prove
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\[
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\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_{N,j}}{Q_{N,j}}
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=\frac{\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}
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\qquad (j=1,2,3,4).
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\]
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Equivalently, \(Q_{N,j}/P_{N,j}\to\pi/\sqrt{10005}\).
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The missing connection constant is fixed by an exact rank-three
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hypergeometric tail. A nonterminating \(\F43\) Euler jet is carried
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backward by the authoritative matrix, while the first denominator is a
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terminating adjoint \(\F43\). Their common differential gauge gives an
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all-\(N\) Pad\'e divisibility theorem. Positivity of the terminating
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denominator at the negative CM point, together with a balanced-transfer
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Cauchy estimate, turns that formal divisibility into a direct fixed-point
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convergence proof. The symbolic contiguity and adjoint identities are
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included as reproducible Wolfram Language and SageMath certificates.
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\end{abstract}
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\tableofcontents
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\section{Statement and compact form of the seeds}
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Put
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\[
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R=151931373056001=53360^3+1,\qquad
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x_0=\frac1R,\qquad
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z=-\frac{x}{1-x}.
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\]
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Thus the official CM point is
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\[
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z_0=-\frac1{R-1}=-\frac1{53360^3}.
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\]
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Let
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\[
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G_N=M_0M_1\cdots M_{N-1},\qquad G_0=I_4,
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\]
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where \(M_N=M(N,x)\) is the authoritative transfer matrix in the analytic
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deformation
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\[
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236337691420383\ \longmapsto\ \frac{14/x-567}{9}.
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\]
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At \(x=x_0\), this is the exact identity
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\(236337691420383=(14R-567)/9\). Thus every later use of Cauchy's theorem
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concerns this explicitly defined rational \(x\)-family.
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The complete entries of \(M(N,x)\) appear verbatim in the accompanying
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CAS certificates.
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Define four Pascal rows
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\[
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\begin{aligned}
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b_0&=(1,0,0,0),&
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b_1&=(1,1,0,0),\\
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b_2&=(1,2,1,0),&
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b_3&=(1,3,3,1)
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\end{aligned}
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\]
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and let \(\mathcal P\) be the matrix with rows \(b_0,b_1,b_2,b_3\).
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The compact denominator row is
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\[
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C(x)=
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\left(
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\frac{18}{x}+\frac{159}{4},\
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\frac{54}{x}+\frac{131}{2},\
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\frac{54}{x}+27,\
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\frac{18}{x}
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\right).
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\]
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Equivalently,
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\[
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C=\frac{18}{x}b_3+\frac54b_0+\frac{23}{2}b_1+27b_2.
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\]
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Set
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\[
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A=13591409,\qquad B=545140134,\qquad S=426880.
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\]
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The two official initial rows have the exact form
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:seed-identities}
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A_1=SC,\qquad
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A_0=AC-\frac54H_0,\qquad
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H_0=Ab_0+Bb_1=(A+B,B,0,0).
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\end{equation}
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At \(x=x_0\), these identities reproduce the official integer rows
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entry by entry.
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For \(j=1,\ldots,4\), write
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\[
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P_{N,j}=A_0G_N\e_j,\qquad
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Q_{N,j}=A_1G_N\e_j.
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\]
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We first identify the first-column limit and then invoke the exact cyclic
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frame to cover all four columns.
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\section{The CM function and its exact value}
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Let
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\[
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y(z)=\F32\left(
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\begin{matrix}\frac16,\frac12,\frac56\\1,1\end{matrix};z
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\right),
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\qquad
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\theta=z\frac{d}{dz}=(1-x)x\frac{d}{dx},
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\]
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and define
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:phi}
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\Phi(x)=\frac{Ay(z)+B\theta y(z)}{S}.
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\end{equation}
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The classical Chudnovsky identity is
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\[
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\frac1\pi=
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\frac{12}{640320^{3/2}}
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\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}
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\frac{(6k)!}{(3k)!(k!)^3}
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(A+Bk)(-640320^{-3})^k.
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\]
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The elementary coefficient identity
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\[
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\frac{(6k)!}{(3k)!(k!)^3}
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=1728^k
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\frac{(\frac16)_k(\frac12)_k(\frac56)_k}{(k!)^3}
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\]
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and \(640320=12\cdot53360\) give
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\[
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Ay(z_0)+B\theta y(z_0)
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=\frac{640320^{3/2}}{12\pi}
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=\frac{426880\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}.
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\]
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Consequently,
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:CM-value}
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\boxed{\Phi(x_0)=\frac{\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}.}
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\end{equation}
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\section{The nonterminating adjoint tail}
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Put \(n=N+1\) and \(\delta_N=\theta-n\). Define
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:tail}
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F_N(z)=\kappa_Nz^n
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\F43\left(
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\begin{matrix}
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n,n+\frac16,n+\frac12,n+\frac56\\
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2n,2n,2n
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\end{matrix};z\right),
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\end{equation}
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where
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\[
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\kappa_0=\frac5{72},\qquad
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\frac{\kappa_{N+1}}{\kappa_N}
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=-\frac{(6N+7)(6N+11)}
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{576(N+1)^2(2N+3)^2}.
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\]
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Its Euler jet is
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\[
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k_N=\left(F_N,\delta_NF_N,\delta_N^2F_N,\delta_N^3F_N\right)^T.
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\]
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\begin{proposition}[Exact tail contiguity]\label{prop:tail-contiguity}
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For every \(N\ge0\),
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:tail-contiguity}
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\boxed{M_Nk_{N+1}=k_N.}
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\end{equation}
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\end{proposition}
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\begin{proof}
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The first row is verified coefficientwise from the ratio of consecutive
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\(\F43\) coefficients. For the other rows, let \(t=\delta_{N+1}\).
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The shifted tail satisfies
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\[
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\left[
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(1-x)t(t+u)^3+
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x(t+n+1)(t+n+\tfrac76)(t+n+\tfrac32)(t+n+\tfrac{11}{6})
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\right]F_{N+1}=0,
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\]
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where \(u=2N+3\). Each of the remaining three row differences is divided
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by this degree-four Ore polynomial; its remainder is identically zero in
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\(\Q(N,x)[t]\). The exact coefficient identity, the three Ore divisions,
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and the normalization ratio are checked in
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\texttt{p28\_full\_closure\_certificate.wl} and
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\texttt{p28\_kernel\_contiguity\_certificate.sage}.
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\end{proof}
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For \(N=0\), the standard ascension identity gives
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:ascension}
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F_0=y-1
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=\frac5{72}z
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\F43\left(
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\begin{matrix}1,\frac76,\frac32,\frac{11}{6}\\2,2,2\end{matrix};z
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\right).
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\end{equation}
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Because \(\mathcal P\) is the Pascal matrix,
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\[
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\mathcal Pk_0=
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(y-1,\theta y,\theta^2y,\theta^3y)^T.
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\]
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\section{The rank-three error carrier}
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Set
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\[
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f=(y-1,\theta y,\theta^2y,\theta^3y)^T,\qquad
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\mathcal E_0=\frac54\mathcal P+fC,\qquad
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\mathcal E_N=\mathcal E_0G_N.
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\]
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The transformed hypergeometric equation is
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:transformed-ode}
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72\theta^3y+108x\theta^2y+46x\theta y+5xy=0.
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\end{equation}
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Using the displayed decomposition of \(C\), equations
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\eqref{eq:ascension}--\eqref{eq:transformed-ode} give
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\[
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Ck_0=-\frac54.
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\]
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It follows that
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\[
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\mathcal E_0k_0=\frac54f+f(Ck_0)=0.
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\]
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Proposition~\ref{prop:tail-contiguity} therefore implies
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:annihilation}
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\boxed{\mathcal E_Nk_N=0\qquad(N\ge0).}
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\end{equation}
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The same differential equation gives the exact row relation
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:row-relation}
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72(\mathcal E_N)_{3,*}
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+108x(\mathcal E_N)_{2,*}
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+46x(\mathcal E_N)_{1,*}
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+5x(\mathcal E_N)_{0,*}=0.
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\end{equation}
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\section{A discrete valuation lemma}
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Let
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\[
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H=\diag(x,1,1,1),\qquad J_N=HM_N.
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\]
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Every entry of \(J_N\) is regular at \(x=0\). If \(u=2N+3\) and
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\[
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a_N=\frac{144(u-1)^2}{u(3u-2)(3u+2)},\qquad
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V_N=(u^3,3u^2,3u,1),
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\]
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direct substitution in the authoritative matrix gives
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:rank-one}
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J_N(0)=
|
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\begin{pmatrix}a_N\\-1\\-1\\-1\end{pmatrix}V_N.
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\end{equation}
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Thus \(J_N(0)\) has rank one.
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The first nonconstant coefficient of the \(\F43\) in
|
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\eqref{eq:tail} equals
|
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\[
|
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c_N=\frac{u(3u-2)(3u+2)}{144(u-1)^2}=a_N^{-1}.
|
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\]
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Since \(z=-x+O(x^2)\),
|
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\begin{equation}\label{eq:tail-direction}
|
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Hk_N=x^{N+2}\eta_N
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\left[
|
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\begin{pmatrix}1\\-c_N\\-c_N\\-c_N\end{pmatrix}
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+O(x)
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\right],\qquad \eta_N\ne0.
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\end{equation}
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The leading vector in \eqref{eq:tail-direction} is precisely the image
|
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direction in \eqref{eq:rank-one}.
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\begin{lemma}[DVR step, including the extra first-column zero]
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\label{lem:dvr}
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Let \(R_0=\Q[[x]]\), \(H=\diag(x,1,1,1)\), and suppose
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\[
|
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E=x^NLH,\qquad L\in\operatorname{Mat}_4(R_0),\qquad Ek=0.
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\]
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Assume \(J=HM\in\operatorname{Mat}_4(R_0)\), \(Mk^+=k\), and
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\[
|
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\begin{aligned}
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k^+&=x^r\alpha(\e_1+xs+O(x^2)),\\
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Hk&=x^r\beta(v_0+xv_1+O(x^2)),
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\end{aligned}
|
||||
\]
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with \(\alpha\beta\ne0\). If \(J(0)\) has rank one,
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\(\operatorname{im}J(0)=\Q v_0\), and \(J(0)\e_1\ne0\), then
|
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\[
|
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EM=x^{N+1}L^+H
|
||||
\]
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||||
for some \(L^+\in\operatorname{Mat}_4(R_0)\).
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\end{lemma}
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||||
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\begin{proof}
|
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Absorb \(\beta/\alpha\) into \(v_0,v_1\). From \(Jk^+=Hk\),
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\[
|
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J(\e_1+xs+O(x^2))=v_0+xv_1+O(x^2).
|
||||
\]
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||||
Write \(L=L_0+xL_1+\cdots\). The equation \(L(Hk)=0\) gives
|
||||
\[
|
||||
L_0v_0=0,\qquad L_0v_1+L_1v_0=0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Since \(J(0)\) has image \(\Q v_0\), \(L_0J(0)=0\), so \(LJ\) is
|
||||
entrywise divisible by \(x\). The coefficient of \(x\) in its first
|
||||
column is
|
||||
\[
|
||||
L_0(v_1-J(0)s)+L_1v_0=-L_0J(0)s=0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Hence that column is divisible by \(x^2\). Therefore
|
||||
\[
|
||||
L^+=x^{-1}LJH^{-1}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
is regular and \(EM=x^{N+1}L^+H\).
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proposition}[All-\(N\) Pad\'e divisibility]\label{prop:divisibility}
|
||||
For every \(N\ge0\), there is
|
||||
\(L_N\in\operatorname{Mat}_4(\Q[[x]])\) such that
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:divisibility}
|
||||
\boxed{\mathcal E_N=x^NL_NH.}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
Thus every row of \(\mathcal E_N\) has componentwise valuations at least
|
||||
\[
|
||||
(N+1,N,N,N).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The last row has the stronger valuations
|
||||
\[
|
||||
(N+2,N+1,N+1,N+1).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
\end{proposition}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
Every component of \(f\) is \(O(x)\), while \(C\) has only a simple pole.
|
||||
All four components of \(f\) have leading term \(-5x/72\).
|
||||
Consequently the constant term in the first column of \(fC\) is
|
||||
\(-5/4\), cancelling the first component of every row of
|
||||
\((5/4)\mathcal P\). Hence \(\mathcal E_0=L_0H\).
|
||||
|
||||
Apply Lemma~\ref{lem:dvr} inductively, using
|
||||
\eqref{eq:annihilation}, \eqref{eq:rank-one},
|
||||
\eqref{eq:tail-direction}, and \(M_Nk_{N+1}=k_N\).
|
||||
The stronger last-row assertion follows from
|
||||
\eqref{eq:row-relation}.
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{The terminating denominator}
|
||||
|
||||
For the first column put
|
||||
\[
|
||||
q_N(x)=CG_N\e_1,\qquad n=N+1,\qquad Q_N(x)=x^nq_N(x),
|
||||
\]
|
||||
and define
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\widehat Q_N(z)
|
||||
=(1-z)^nQ_N\!\left(-\frac{z}{1-z}\right).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Since \(x=-z/(1-z)\), this is also the first component of
|
||||
\((-z)^nCG_N\).
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proposition}[Exact terminating denominator]
|
||||
\label{prop:terminating}
|
||||
For every \(N\ge0\),
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:qhat}
|
||||
\frac{\widehat Q_N(z)}{\alpha_n}
|
||||
=\F43\left(
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
-n,-n-\frac16,-n-\frac12,-n-\frac56\\
|
||||
1-2n,1-2n,1-2n
|
||||
\end{matrix};z
|
||||
\right),
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
where
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:normalization}
|
||||
\alpha_1=18,\qquad
|
||||
\frac{\alpha_{n+1}}{\alpha_n}
|
||||
=\frac{576n^2(2n+1)^2}{(6n+1)(6n+5)}.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
Here and below the hypergeometric expression denotes the unambiguous finite
|
||||
sum over \(0\le k\le n\); it terminates before any lower Pochhammer symbol
|
||||
can vanish.
|
||||
\end{proposition}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
The proof is an exact differential-gauge calculation in
|
||||
\(\Q(n,z)\). The nonterminating tail
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\F43\left(
|
||||
\begin{matrix}n,n+\frac16,n+\frac12,n+\frac56\\
|
||||
2n,2n,2n
|
||||
\end{matrix};z\right)
|
||||
\]
|
||||
has a \(4\times4\) Euler companion system. Direct simplification gives
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\mathcal C_n(z)\,[-zM(2n+1,-z/(1-z))]
|
||||
-\theta[-zM(2n+1,-z/(1-z))]
|
||||
-[-zM(2n+1,-z/(1-z))]\mathcal C_{n+1}(z)=0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The transformed seed \(-zC(-z/(1-z))\) is a horizontal adjoint row.
|
||||
Eliminating its other three coordinates from the horizontal equation
|
||||
produces exactly
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\left[
|
||||
\theta(\theta-2n)^3
|
||||
-z(\theta-n)(\theta-n-\tfrac16)
|
||||
(\theta-n-\tfrac12)(\theta-n-\tfrac56)
|
||||
\right]\widehat Q_N=0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The analytic solution normalized at \(z=0\) is the terminating
|
||||
\(\F43\) in \eqref{eq:qhat}.
|
||||
|
||||
For completeness, the CAS certificate does not rely only on this
|
||||
differential equation. It computes the actual one-step scalar operator
|
||||
and verifies its generic coefficient identity, its \(k=0\) normalization,
|
||||
and the separate top boundary \(k=n+1\). Every remainder simplifies
|
||||
identically to zero. This proves the statement for all \(n\), not merely
|
||||
for sampled values.
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{corollary}[Positivity at the CM point]\label{cor:positivity}
|
||||
At \(z_0=-1/53360^3\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\widehat Q_N(z_0)\ge\alpha_n>0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Moreover,
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\alpha_n\ge18\cdot29^N(N!)^2.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
\end{corollary}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
For \(0\le k\le n\), the coefficient of \(z^k\) in
|
||||
\eqref{eq:qhat} has sign \((-1)^k\). Since \(z_0<0\), every summand is
|
||||
nonnegative. Also
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\frac{576n^2(2n+1)^2}{(6n+1)(6n+5)}-29n^2
|
||||
=\frac{n^2(1260n^2+1260n+431)}
|
||||
{(6n+1)(6n+5)}>0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Iterating \eqref{eq:normalization} proves the lower bound.
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{From formal contact to convergence at
|
||||
\texorpdfstring{\(x_0\)}{x0}}
|
||||
|
||||
This step is included to rule out a beyond-all-orders ambiguity.
|
||||
For \(r=0,1\), let
|
||||
\[
|
||||
E_{N,r}(x)=(\mathcal E_N)_{r,1},\qquad
|
||||
\mathcal R_{N,r}(x)=x^nE_{N,r}(x).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Proposition~\ref{prop:divisibility} says that
|
||||
\(\mathcal R_{N,r}\) has a zero of order at least \(2n\).
|
||||
|
||||
Choose \(r_0=1/4\). On \(|x|=r_0\), \(|z|\le1/3\). The coefficients of
|
||||
\(y\) have modulus at most one, so
|
||||
\[
|
||||
|y-1|\le\frac12,\qquad
|
||||
|\theta^jy|\le\sum_{k\ge1}k^3(1/3)^k=\frac{33}{8}<5
|
||||
\quad(1\le j\le3).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Termwise estimates give \(\|\mathcal E_0\|_\infty<6000\).
|
||||
|
||||
For \(m\ge1\), put
|
||||
\[
|
||||
D(m)=\diag(1,m,m^2,m^3),\qquad
|
||||
\mathcal B_m=D(m)^{-1}M_mD(m+1)/(m+1)^2.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
On \(|x|=1/4\), direct estimates of the authoritative entries give
|
||||
\[
|
||||
|(M_m)_{ij}|\le10^4u^{\,i+2-j},\qquad u=2m+3,
|
||||
\]
|
||||
and therefore
|
||||
\[
|
||||
|(\mathcal B_m)_{ij}|
|
||||
\le10^4\left(\frac um\right)^{i-1}
|
||||
\left(\frac u{m+1}\right)^{3-j}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
For \(m\ge1\), \(u/m\le5\) and \(u/(m+1)\le5/2\); summing four entries in
|
||||
each row gives the deliberately loose uniform bound
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\|\mathcal B_m\|_\infty\le4\cdot10^8,\qquad
|
||||
\|M_0\|_\infty<10^7.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The balancing telescopes:
|
||||
\[
|
||||
G_N=M_0(N!)^2\mathcal B_1\cdots
|
||||
\mathcal B_{N-1}D(N)^{-1}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
It follows that, for \(N\ge1\),
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:circle-bound}
|
||||
\max_{|x|=1/4}|\mathcal R_{N,r}(x)|
|
||||
\le6\cdot10^{10}(N!)^2(4\cdot10^8)^{N-1}(1/4)^n.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
Applying the maximum principle to
|
||||
\(\mathcal R_{N,r}(x)/x^{2n}\) gives
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:cauchy}
|
||||
|\mathcal R_{N,r}(x_0)|
|
||||
\le6\cdot10^{10}(N!)^2(4\cdot10^8)^{N-1}(1/4)^n
|
||||
(4x_0)^{2n}.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Because \(1-z=1/(1-x)\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
Q_N(x_0)=(1-x_0)^n\widehat Q_N(z_0).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Corollary~\ref{cor:positivity} yields
|
||||
\[
|
||||
Q_N(x_0)\ge
|
||||
18\cdot29^N(N!)^2(1-x_0)^n.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Combining this with \eqref{eq:cauchy}, we obtain
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:geometric-error}
|
||||
\left|\frac{E_{N,r}(x_0)}{q_N(x_0)}\right|
|
||||
=\left|\frac{\mathcal R_{N,r}(x_0)}{Q_N(x_0)}\right|
|
||||
\le C(x_0)\,\beta(x_0)^N,
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
where \(C(x_0)<\infty\) and
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\beta(x_0)=
|
||||
\frac{4\cdot10^8}{29}
|
||||
\frac{x_0^2}{(1/4)(1-x_0)}
|
||||
=\frac{3125}{1307443596565949700399927}
|
||||
<4\cdot10^{-19}<1.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Therefore
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:error-vanish}
|
||||
\frac{E_{N,0}(x_0)}{q_N(x_0)}\longrightarrow0,\qquad
|
||||
\frac{E_{N,1}(x_0)}{q_N(x_0)}\longrightarrow0.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Identification of the first-column limit}
|
||||
|
||||
By \eqref{eq:seed-identities} and the definition of \(\Phi\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
A_0-\Phi A_1
|
||||
=-A(\mathcal E_0)_{0,*}-B(\mathcal E_0)_{1,*}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Multiplying by \(G_N\e_1\), dividing by
|
||||
\(A_1G_N\e_1=S q_N\), and using
|
||||
\eqref{eq:error-vanish}, we get
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}
|
||||
\frac{A_0G_N\e_1}{A_1G_N\e_1}
|
||||
=\Phi(x_0).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Equation \eqref{eq:CM-value} therefore proves
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:first-column}
|
||||
\boxed{
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_{N,1}}{Q_{N,1}}
|
||||
=\frac{\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}.}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{The other three official columns}
|
||||
|
||||
For completeness, we recall the exact finite-frame reduction already used
|
||||
to establish convergence of the recurrence. The balanced transfer tends
|
||||
to
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\mathcal S=
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
64R-44&96R-54&48R-17&8R\\
|
||||
-8&-12&-6&-1\\
|
||||
R^{-1}&-4R^{-1}&-6R^{-1}&-2R^{-1}\\
|
||||
2R^{-2}&(17R-8)R^{-2}&4(5R-3)R^{-2}&(6R-4)R^{-2}
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Its characteristic polynomial is \(Q_R(t)/R^2\), where
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\begin{aligned}
|
||||
Q_R(t)={}&R^2t^4-(64R^3-56R^2-4)t^3\\
|
||||
&+(48R^2-262R+220)t^2-(12R-8)t+1.
|
||||
\end{aligned}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The quartic is irreducible. Its spectral separation is also exact: on
|
||||
\(|t|=1\), the absolute value of its cubic coefficient exceeds the sum of
|
||||
the other coefficient magnitudes, because
|
||||
\[
|
||||
(64R^3-56R^2-4)-(49R^2-250R+213)
|
||||
=64R^3-105R^2+250R-217>0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Rouch\'e's theorem therefore places exactly three roots in \(|t|<1\) and
|
||||
the remaining root \(\rho\) in \(|t|>1\). Hence \(\rho\) is the unique
|
||||
root of maximal modulus.
|
||||
|
||||
We next remove any possible nonvanishing assumption about the denominator.
|
||||
The positivity estimate above and \(Q_N=x_0^nq_N\) give
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:q-lower}
|
||||
q_N(x_0)\ge
|
||||
18\cdot29^N(N!)^2
|
||||
\left(\frac{1-x_0}{x_0}\right)^{N+1}.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
The scalar recurrence obtained from the first cyclic coordinate is of
|
||||
Poincar\'e type after the \((N!)^2\) balancing. The discrete
|
||||
Birkhoff--Poincar\'e theorem \([4,\text{ Chapters 3 and 5}]\) applies because
|
||||
the balanced coefficients are rational in \(N\), have full expansions in
|
||||
\(N^{-1}\), and the limiting spectrum is simple. If the coefficient of the
|
||||
\(\rho\)-mode in \(q_N\) were zero, the three-root separation just proved
|
||||
would give, for some \(\tau<1\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
|q_N(x_0)|\le K_\tau (N!)^2\tau^N.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
This contradicts \eqref{eq:q-lower}. Thus the dominant denominator
|
||||
coefficient is nonzero by a wholly exact argument.
|
||||
|
||||
It remains to transfer the first-column result to the other columns. For
|
||||
\(r\ge1\), put
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\begin{aligned}
|
||||
F_r&=[\,\e_1,M_r\e_1,M_rM_{r+1}\e_1,
|
||||
M_rM_{r+1}M_{r+2}\e_1\,],\\
|
||||
\gamma_{r,k}&=\prod_{\ell=1}^{k}(r+\ell)^2,\\
|
||||
C_r&=[\,\e_1,\mathcal B_r\e_1,
|
||||
\mathcal B_r\mathcal B_{r+1}\e_1,
|
||||
\mathcal B_r\mathcal B_{r+1}\mathcal B_{r+2}\e_1\,].
|
||||
\end{aligned}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The balancing telescopes exactly:
|
||||
\[
|
||||
F_r=D(r)C_r\diag(\gamma_{r,0},\ldots,\gamma_{r,3}),
|
||||
\qquad
|
||||
C_r\longrightarrow
|
||||
C=[\,\e_1,\mathcal S\e_1,\mathcal S^2\e_1,\mathcal S^3\e_1\,].
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The limiting cyclic frame is nonsingular:
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\det C
|
||||
=-\frac{4(27R-11)(128R^2-149R-43)}{R^6}\ne0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Thus \(F_r\) is invertible for all sufficiently large \(r\). If
|
||||
\(y_r(a)=aG_r\e_1\), exact inversion of this frame gives
|
||||
\[
|
||||
aG_r\e_j=r^{-(j-1)}
|
||||
\sum_{k=0}^{3}(C_r^{-1})_{k+1,j}
|
||||
\frac{y_{r+k}(a)}{\gamma_{r,k}}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The same Birkhoff--Poincar\'e theorem supplies a linear dominant functional
|
||||
\(\Lambda\) and an exponent \(\sigma\) such that, for fixed \(k\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\frac{y_{r+k}(a)}
|
||||
{(r!)^2\rho^r r^\sigma\gamma_{r,k}}
|
||||
\longrightarrow\Lambda(a)\rho^k.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Consequently
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\frac{aG_r\e_j}
|
||||
{(r!)^2\rho^r r^{\sigma-(j-1)}}
|
||||
\longrightarrow\Lambda(a)\,\widetilde w_j,\qquad
|
||||
\widetilde w=[1,\rho,\rho^2,\rho^3]C^{-1}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
An explicit left eigenvector is obtained from the first row of
|
||||
\(R^2\operatorname{adj}(tI-\mathcal S)\). Each of its four coordinate
|
||||
polynomials is coprime to \(Q_R\); hence no coordinate vanishes at \(\rho\).
|
||||
It is a nonzero multiple of \(\widetilde w\), so
|
||||
\(\widetilde w_j\ne0\) for every \(j\). Applying the last limit to
|
||||
\(a=A_0,A_1\), using the exact denominator nonvanishing above, gives
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_{N,j}}{Q_{N,j}}
|
||||
=\frac{\Lambda(A_0)}{\Lambda(A_1)}
|
||||
\qquad(j=1,2,3,4).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Equation \eqref{eq:first-column} evaluates this common ratio. We conclude:
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{theorem}[Ramanujan Challenge Problem 2.8]\label{thm:main}
|
||||
For every official column \(j=1,2,3,4\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\boxed{
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_{N,j}}{Q_{N,j}}
|
||||
=\frac{\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}.}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Equivalently,
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\boxed{
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{Q_{N,j}}{P_{N,j}}
|
||||
=\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{10005}}.}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
\end{theorem}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Reproducibility map}
|
||||
|
||||
The proof package contains the following certificates.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\begin{tabular}{
|
||||
>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.41\textwidth}
|
||||
p{0.49\textwidth}}
|
||||
\toprule
|
||||
File & Exact obligation\\
|
||||
\midrule
|
||||
\path{p28_full_closure_certificate.wl}
|
||||
& Authoritative differential gauge; nonterminating tail contiguity;
|
||||
terminating adjoint equation; coefficientwise \(n\)-contiguity;
|
||||
normalization and top boundary; exact spectral and cyclic-frame closure.\\
|
||||
\path{p28_kernel_contiguity_certificate.sage}
|
||||
& Independent coefficient/Ore proof of \(M_Nk_{N+1}=k_N\).\\
|
||||
\path{p28_lattice_hypotheses_certificate.sage}
|
||||
& Rank-one factorization, tail direction, and transformed ODE identities.\\
|
||||
\path{p28_convergence_constants.py}
|
||||
& Exact rational verification of the coefficient bounds,
|
||||
\(\alpha_{n+1}/\alpha_n\ge29n^2\), and \(\beta(x_0)<1\).\\
|
||||
\path{all_four_columns_certificate.sage}
|
||||
& Balanced limit, Rouch\'e separation, nonzero eigenvector coordinates,
|
||||
and invertible cyclic frame.\\
|
||||
\path{p28_parametric_pade_probe.py}
|
||||
& Dependency-free finite exact regression of the predicted valuations.\\
|
||||
\bottomrule
|
||||
\end{tabular}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
|
||||
The Wolfram certificate performs symbolic identities over
|
||||
\(\Q(n,z)\); it uses no numerical samples. The Python constants check uses
|
||||
only the standard library's \texttt{fractions.Fraction}. The SageMath
|
||||
files are independent exact cross-checks.
|
||||
|
||||
\section*{References}
|
||||
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}[label={[\arabic*]}]
|
||||
\item D. V. Chudnovsky and G. V. Chudnovsky,
|
||||
``Approximations and complex multiplication according to Ramanujan,''
|
||||
in \emph{Ramanujan Revisited}, Academic Press, 1988, pp.~375--472.
|
||||
\item J. L. Fields,
|
||||
``Rational approximations to generalized hypergeometric functions,''
|
||||
\emph{Mathematics of Computation} \textbf{19} (1965), 606--624,
|
||||
\href{https://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0194620-7}
|
||||
{doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0194620-7}.
|
||||
\item Yu. V. Nesterenko,
|
||||
``Hermite--Pad\'e approximants of generalized hypergeometric
|
||||
functions,'' \emph{Russian Acad. Sci. Sb. Math.}
|
||||
\textbf{83} (1995), 189--219.
|
||||
\item S. Bodine and D. A. Lutz,
|
||||
\emph{Asymptotic Integration of Differential and Difference Equations},
|
||||
Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2129, Springer, 2015, Chapters 3 and 5.
|
||||
\item The Ramanujan Machine,
|
||||
\href{https://www.ramanujanmachine.com/ramanujan-challenge/}
|
||||
{Ramanujan Challenge}, Problem 2.8.
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
\end{document}
|
||||
72
experiments/ramanujan_28/submission/README.md
Normal file
72
experiments/ramanujan_28/submission/README.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
|||
# Ramanujan Challenge, Problem 2.8
|
||||
|
||||
This package proves, for each of the four official columns,
|
||||
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_{N,j}}{Q_{N,j}}
|
||||
=\frac{\sqrt{10005}}{\pi},
|
||||
\qquad
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{Q_{N,j}}{P_{N,j}}
|
||||
=\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{10005}}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
|
||||
The second display is the orientation requested in Problem 2.8.
|
||||
|
||||
## Contents
|
||||
|
||||
- `solution.pdf` — the complete proof.
|
||||
- `solution.tex` — its LaTeX source.
|
||||
- `certificates/p28_full_closure_certificate.wl` — the primary,
|
||||
self-contained exact symbolic certificate. It proves the authoritative
|
||||
differential gauge, both hypergeometric contiguity identities, the
|
||||
terminating denominator formula, CM-seed annihilation, and the singular
|
||||
lattice step. No numerical sampling is used.
|
||||
- `certificates/p28_full_closure_certificate.PASS.txt` — transcript of a
|
||||
stateless Wolfram Language run (22 exact checks plus the consolidated
|
||||
conclusion).
|
||||
- `certificates/p28_convergence_constants.py` and
|
||||
`certificates/p28_rank_ode_bound_verifier.py` — dependency-free exact
|
||||
rational checks for the fixed-point convergence bound.
|
||||
- `certificates/p28_kernel_contiguity_certificate.sage`,
|
||||
`certificates/p28_lattice_hypotheses_certificate.sage`, and
|
||||
`certificates/all_four_columns_certificate.sage` — independent exact
|
||||
SageMath cross-checks.
|
||||
- `certificates/p28_parametric_pade_probe.py` — finite exact regression,
|
||||
included as a diagnostic only and not used as proof.
|
||||
|
||||
## Reproduction
|
||||
|
||||
From this directory, run:
|
||||
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
./run_checks.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The primary symbolic check can also be run directly:
|
||||
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
wolframscript -file certificates/p28_full_closure_certificate.wl
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It should print 22 exact-check lines beginning with `PASS:`, followed by the
|
||||
consolidated certificate conclusion. The Python checks use only the standard
|
||||
library:
|
||||
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
python3 certificates/p28_rank_ode_bound_verifier.py
|
||||
python3 certificates/p28_convergence_constants.py
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
For the independent SageMath checks:
|
||||
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
sage certificates/p28_kernel_contiguity_certificate.sage
|
||||
sage certificates/p28_lattice_hypotheses_certificate.sage
|
||||
sage certificates/all_four_columns_certificate.sage
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To rebuild the manuscript:
|
||||
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
latexmk -pdf solution.tex
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
|
|||
#!/usr/bin/env sage
|
||||
"""
|
||||
Standalone exact certificate for the four-column reduction in Ramanujan
|
||||
Challenge Problem 2.8.
|
||||
|
||||
It certifies the algebraic part of the cyclic-frame lemma:
|
||||
|
||||
* the exact balanced limit S;
|
||||
* charpoly(S)=Q_R/R^2;
|
||||
* an explicit left eigenvector w_rho;
|
||||
* every coordinate of w_rho is nonzero; and
|
||||
* the limiting cyclic frame [e1,S e1,S^2 e1,S^3 e1] is invertible.
|
||||
|
||||
The analytic input is the scalar e1-column Birkhoff asymptotic proved in the
|
||||
main solution. The accompanying report derives the other three columns by
|
||||
the exact finite frame, without invoking a new matrix-product asymptotic
|
||||
theorem.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
from sage.all import *
|
||||
|
||||
Pn.<n> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
|
||||
Fn = Pn.fraction_field()
|
||||
R = QQ(151931373056001)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def authoritative_matrix(u, R):
|
||||
"""Problem 2.8 transfer after 236337691420383=(14R-567)/9."""
|
||||
w = u*(3*u-2)*(3*u+2)
|
||||
|
||||
a1 = R*(144*u^5-288*u^4+144*u^3) \
|
||||
+ (-99*u^5+333*u^4-229*u^3-114*u^2+40*u+64)
|
||||
a2 = R*(432*u^4-864*u^3+432*u^2) \
|
||||
+ (-243*u^4+909*u^3-868*u^2-80*u+272)
|
||||
a3 = R*(432*u^3-864*u^2+432*u) \
|
||||
+ (-153*u^3+648*u^2-860*u+360)
|
||||
a4 = R*144*(u-1)^2
|
||||
|
||||
b1 = R*(-144*u^3) + (9*u^4+63*u^3+158*u^2+168*u+64)
|
||||
b2 = R*(216*u^2) + (36*u^3-189*u^2-316*u-168)
|
||||
b3 = R*(108*u) + (54*u^2-189*u-158)
|
||||
|
||||
c1 = R^2*(-288*u^3) \
|
||||
+ R*(54*u^4+378*u^3+948*u^2+1008*u+384) \
|
||||
+ (18*u^5+45*u^4-251*u^3-1086*u^2-1384*u-576)
|
||||
c2 = R^2*(-432*u^2) \
|
||||
+ R*(153*u^4-657*u^3+1292*u^2+2064*u+1072) \
|
||||
+ (-72*u^4+702*u^3-1069*u^2-2508*u-1512)
|
||||
c3 = R^2*(-216*u) \
|
||||
+ R*(180*u^3-891*u^2+1450*u+1116) \
|
||||
+ (-108*u^3+864*u^2-1385*u-1422)
|
||||
c4 = R^2*(-4) \
|
||||
+ R*(6*u^2-33*u+58+QQ(14)/9) \
|
||||
+ (-4*u^2+32*u-63)
|
||||
|
||||
return matrix(Fn, [
|
||||
[a1/w, a2/w, a3/w, a4/w],
|
||||
[-u^3, -3*u^2, -3*u, -1],
|
||||
[b1/(144*R), -b2/(72*R), -b3/(36*R),
|
||||
(-2*R-(2*u-7))/(2*R)],
|
||||
[c1/(288*R^2), c2/(144*R^2), c3/(72*R^2),
|
||||
c4/(4*R^2)],
|
||||
])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def limit_at_infinity(ff):
|
||||
ff = Fn(ff)
|
||||
nu = ff.numerator()
|
||||
de = ff.denominator()
|
||||
dn = nu.degree()
|
||||
dd = de.degree()
|
||||
if dn < dd:
|
||||
return QQ(0)
|
||||
if dn == dd:
|
||||
return QQ(nu[dn]) / QQ(de[dd])
|
||||
raise AssertionError("balanced entry still diverges at infinity: %s" % ff)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
u = 2*n + 3
|
||||
M = authoritative_matrix(u, Fn(R))
|
||||
D0 = diagonal_matrix(Fn, [1, n, n^2, n^3])
|
||||
D1 = diagonal_matrix(Fn, [1, n+1, (n+1)^2, (n+1)^3])
|
||||
B = D0.inverse() * M * D1 / (n+1)^2
|
||||
S = matrix(QQ, 4, 4, [
|
||||
limit_at_infinity(B[i, j]) for i in range(4) for j in range(4)
|
||||
])
|
||||
|
||||
S_expected = matrix(QQ, [
|
||||
[64*R-44, 96*R-54, 48*R-17, 8*R],
|
||||
[-8, -12, -6, -1],
|
||||
[1/R, -4/R, -6/R, -2/R],
|
||||
[2/R^2, (17*R-8)/R^2, 4*(5*R-3)/R^2, (6*R-4)/R^2],
|
||||
])
|
||||
assert S == S_expected
|
||||
|
||||
Rx.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
|
||||
Q = (
|
||||
R^2*x^4
|
||||
- (64*R^3 - 56*R^2 - 4)*x^3
|
||||
+ (48*R^2 - 262*R + 220)*x^2
|
||||
- (12*R - 8)*x
|
||||
+ 1
|
||||
)
|
||||
assert Rx(S.charpoly("x")) == Q/R^2
|
||||
assert Q.is_irreducible()
|
||||
assert gcd(Q, Q.derivative()) == 1
|
||||
|
||||
# On |x|=1 the cubic term strictly dominates all other terms. Rouché's
|
||||
# theorem therefore puts exactly three roots in the open unit disk and one
|
||||
# outside it.
|
||||
rouche_margin = (
|
||||
(64*R^3-56*R^2-4)
|
||||
- (R^2 + (48*R^2-262*R+220) + (12*R-8) + 1)
|
||||
)
|
||||
assert rouche_margin == 64*R^3-105*R^2+250*R-217
|
||||
assert rouche_margin > 0
|
||||
|
||||
# First row of R^2 adj(xI-S). At Q(x)=0 it is a left eigenvector.
|
||||
w = vector(Rx, [
|
||||
10 + (44-7*R)*x + (4+12*R^2)*x^2 + R^2*x^3,
|
||||
2*((-23+40*R) + (-108+194*R-28*R^2)*x
|
||||
+ (-27*R^2+48*R^3)*x^2),
|
||||
(-32+71*R) + (-68+198*R-8*R^2)*x
|
||||
+ (-17*R^2+48*R^3)*x^2,
|
||||
2*R*(8 + (17+3*R)*x + 4*R^2*x^2),
|
||||
])
|
||||
assert w * (x*identity_matrix(Rx, 4) - S.change_ring(Rx)) == vector(Rx, [Q, 0, 0, 0])
|
||||
|
||||
# Since Q is irreducible of degree four and every w_j has degree < 4,
|
||||
# gcd(Q,w_j)=1 proves w_j(rho) != 0 for every root rho of Q.
|
||||
assert [gcd(Q, z) for z in w] == [Rx(1)]*4
|
||||
|
||||
e1 = vector(QQ, [1, 0, 0, 0])
|
||||
C = matrix(QQ, 4, 4)
|
||||
for j in range(4):
|
||||
C.set_column(j, S^j * e1)
|
||||
detC_expected = -4*(27*R-11)*(128*R^2-149*R-43)/R^6
|
||||
assert C.det() == detC_expected
|
||||
assert C.det() != 0
|
||||
|
||||
print("PASS: exact balanced limit and characteristic quartic")
|
||||
print("PASS: Rouché separation gives three roots inside |x|<1")
|
||||
print("PASS: explicit left eigenvector has four nonvanishing coordinates")
|
||||
print("PASS: limiting e1 cyclic frame is invertible")
|
||||
print("CONCLUSION (using the certified scalar e1 Birkhoff asymptotic):")
|
||||
print(" lim_N P_(N,j)/Q_(N,j) is independent of j=1,2,3,4")
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
|||
#!/usr/bin/env python3
|
||||
"""Exact arithmetic checks for the fixed-x convergence constants.
|
||||
|
||||
This file does not replace the symbolic denominator-contiguity certificate.
|
||||
It verifies the numerical inequalities used after that exact identity is
|
||||
known:
|
||||
|
||||
c_N/c_(N-1) >= 29*N^2,
|
||||
sum k^3*(1/3)^k < 5,
|
||||
beta(x_official) < 4*10^-19 < 1.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
from fractions import Fraction as F
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
R = 151931373056001
|
||||
X = F(1, R)
|
||||
TRANSFER_BOUND = 400_000_000
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Clearing the positive denominator (6N+1)(6N+5), the difference between
|
||||
#
|
||||
# 576*N^2*(2N+1)^2 / ((6N+1)(6N+5))
|
||||
#
|
||||
# and 29*N^2 has numerator
|
||||
#
|
||||
# N^2*(431 + 1260*N + 1260*N^2).
|
||||
assert all(coefficient > 0 for coefficient in (431, 1260, 1260))
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Exact closed form for sum_{k>=1} k^3 t^k at t=1/3.
|
||||
theta3_sum = F(1, 3) * (1 + F(4, 3) + F(1, 9)) / (1 - F(1, 3)) ** 4
|
||||
assert theta3_sum == F(33, 8)
|
||||
assert theta3_sum < 5
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Entrywise constants in
|
||||
#
|
||||
# |(M_n)_(i,j)| <= K_(i,j) * u^(i+2-j), u >= 3,
|
||||
#
|
||||
# on |x|=1/4. Each left side below is the exact sum-of-absolute-
|
||||
# coefficients estimate described in the report.
|
||||
raw_estimates = [
|
||||
[
|
||||
F(4 * (144 + 288 + 144) + (99 + 333 + 229 + 114 + 40 + 64), 8),
|
||||
F(4 * (432 + 864 + 432) + (243 + 909 + 868 + 80 + 272), 8),
|
||||
F(4 * (432 + 864 + 432) + (153 + 648 + 860 + 360), 8),
|
||||
F(4 * 144, 8),
|
||||
],
|
||||
[F(1), F(3), F(3), F(1)],
|
||||
[
|
||||
F(1) + F(9 + 63 + 158 + 168 + 64, 4 * 144),
|
||||
F(1) + F(36 + 189 + 316 + 168, 4 * 72),
|
||||
F(1) + F(54 + 189 + 158, 4 * 36),
|
||||
F(1),
|
||||
],
|
||||
[
|
||||
F(1) + F(54 + 378 + 948 + 1008 + 384, 4 * 288)
|
||||
+ F(18 + 45 + 251 + 1086 + 1384 + 576, 16 * 288),
|
||||
F(1) + F(153 + 657 + 1292 + 2064 + 1072, 4 * 144)
|
||||
+ F(72 + 702 + 1069 + 2508 + 1512, 16 * 144),
|
||||
F(1) + F(180 + 891 + 1450 + 1116, 4 * 72)
|
||||
+ F(108 + 864 + 1385 + 1422, 16 * 72),
|
||||
F(1) + F(6 + 33 + 58 + F(14, 9), 16)
|
||||
+ F(4 + 32 + 63, 64),
|
||||
],
|
||||
]
|
||||
raw_caps = [
|
||||
[400, 1200, 1200, 72],
|
||||
[1, 3, 3, 1],
|
||||
[2, 4, 4, 1],
|
||||
[5, 13, 17, 9],
|
||||
]
|
||||
for row, caps in zip(raw_estimates, raw_caps):
|
||||
for estimate, cap in zip(row, caps):
|
||||
assert estimate <= cap
|
||||
assert cap < 10_000
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
beta = (
|
||||
F(TRANSFER_BOUND, 29)
|
||||
* X**2
|
||||
/ (F(1, 4) * (1 - X))
|
||||
)
|
||||
assert beta == F(3125, 1307443596565949700399927)
|
||||
assert beta < F(4, 10**19)
|
||||
assert beta < 1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
print("PASS: exact fixed-x convergence constants")
|
||||
print("sum k^3/3^k =", theta3_sum)
|
||||
print("entrywise transfer constants < 10000")
|
||||
print("beta =", beta)
|
||||
print("beta < 4e-19 < 1")
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
|||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: authoritative matrix is the exact tail differential gauge
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: the compact denominator seed is a horizontal adjoint row
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: base terminating polynomial
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: horizontal elimination gives the terminating 4F3 operator
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: the scalar step operator has only z-degrees zero and one
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: constant-term normalization recurrence
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: generic all-n terminating contiguity coefficient
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: terminating top-coefficient boundary
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: tail gauge selects the exponent-zero analytic solution
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: nonterminating kernel normalization and exact contiguity
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: binomial jet converts K_0 to the CM first jet
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: compact denominator row reduces to the 3F2 operator
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: exact CM-error seed annihilation constant
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: regularized transfer has rank one at x=0
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: regularized determinant has exact x-adic order three
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: Smith valuations are exactly (0,1,1,1)
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: regular annihilator transfer gains one power of x
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: balanced characteristic polynomial is the authoritative quartic
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: characteristic quartic is irreducible
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: Rouche separation has three roots in the unit disk
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: limiting first-coordinate cyclic frame is invertible
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: dominant left eigenvector has four nonzero coordinates
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= PASS: consolidated exact hypergeometric-closure certificate
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= M_N K_(N+1)=K_N with kappa_(n+1)/kappa_n=-(6n+1)(6n+5)/(576n^2(2n+1)^2)
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= P_n(z)[[1]]/a_n = 4F3(-n,-n-1/6,-n-1/2,-n-5/6;1-2n,1-2n,1-2n;z)
|
||||
During evaluation of In[1]:= a_(n+1)/a_n = 576 n^2 (2n+1)^2/((6n+1)(6n+5)), a_1=18
|
||||
|
||||
Out[1]= Null
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
|
|||
(* ::Package:: *)
|
||||
|
||||
(*
|
||||
Consolidated exact hypergeometric-closure certificate for Ramanujan
|
||||
Challenge 2.8.
|
||||
|
||||
Index convention:
|
||||
|
||||
n = N+1 >= 1, u = 2 n + 1,
|
||||
x = -z/(1-z),
|
||||
R_N(x) = C(x) M(0,x)...M(N-1,x),
|
||||
P_n(z) = (-z)^n R_N(-z/(1-z)).
|
||||
|
||||
Because x=-z/(1-z), this is exactly the qhat transform used in the proof:
|
||||
|
||||
P_n(z) = (1-z)^n x^n R_N(x), n=N+1.
|
||||
|
||||
The certificate proves that the first component is
|
||||
|
||||
P_n(z)[[1]] = a_n 4F3(
|
||||
-n,-n-1/6,-n-1/2,-n-5/6;
|
||||
1-2n,1-2n,1-2n; z),
|
||||
|
||||
where
|
||||
|
||||
a_1 = 18,
|
||||
a_(n+1)/a_n =
|
||||
576 n^2 (2n+1)^2 / ((6n+1)(6n+5)).
|
||||
|
||||
Everything below is an identity over QQ(n,z) or QQ(n,x). No numerical
|
||||
sampling is used. In one stateless run it certifies:
|
||||
|
||||
* the nonterminating 4F3 kernel and M_N K_(N+1)=K_N;
|
||||
* the terminating denominator formula and its normalization;
|
||||
* the initial CM-error annihilation;
|
||||
* the rank-one/Smith-valuation facts behind the error lattice; and
|
||||
* the one-step lattice cancellation which gains one power of x;
|
||||
* the exact characteristic quartic, spectral separation, and cyclic frame
|
||||
needed to transfer the first-column limit to all four official columns.
|
||||
|
||||
The proof uses the exact differential gauge behind the authoritative matrix
|
||||
and one coefficientwise rational contiguity identity.
|
||||
*)
|
||||
|
||||
ClearAll["Global`*"];
|
||||
|
||||
check[label_, condition_] := If[
|
||||
TrueQ[condition],
|
||||
Print["PASS: " <> label],
|
||||
Print["FAIL: " <> label]; Abort[]
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* The authoritative matrix, with x=1/R and
|
||||
236337691420383=(14R-567)/9 already substituted. *)
|
||||
mm[u_, x_] := Module[
|
||||
{r = 1/x, w, a1, a2, a3, a4, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c3, c4},
|
||||
|
||||
w = u (3u-2) (3u+2);
|
||||
|
||||
a1 = r (144u^5-288u^4+144u^3)
|
||||
+ (-99u^5+333u^4-229u^3-114u^2+40u+64);
|
||||
a2 = r (432u^4-864u^3+432u^2)
|
||||
+ (-243u^4+909u^3-868u^2-80u+272);
|
||||
a3 = r (432u^3-864u^2+432u)
|
||||
+ (-153u^3+648u^2-860u+360);
|
||||
a4 = r 144 (u-1)^2;
|
||||
|
||||
b1 = r (-144u^3) + (9u^4+63u^3+158u^2+168u+64);
|
||||
b2 = r (216u^2) + (36u^3-189u^2-316u-168);
|
||||
b3 = r (108u) + (54u^2-189u-158);
|
||||
|
||||
c1 = r^2 (-288u^3)
|
||||
+ r (54u^4+378u^3+948u^2+1008u+384)
|
||||
+ (18u^5+45u^4-251u^3-1086u^2-1384u-576);
|
||||
c2 = r^2 (-432u^2)
|
||||
+ r (153u^4-657u^3+1292u^2+2064u+1072)
|
||||
+ (-72u^4+702u^3-1069u^2-2508u-1512);
|
||||
c3 = r^2 (-216u)
|
||||
+ r (180u^3-891u^2+1450u+1116)
|
||||
+ (-108u^3+864u^2-1385u-1422);
|
||||
c4 = r^2 (-4)
|
||||
+ r (6u^2-33u+58+14/9)
|
||||
+ (-4u^2+32u-63);
|
||||
|
||||
{
|
||||
{a1/w, a2/w, a3/w, a4/w},
|
||||
{-u^3, -3u^2, -3u, -1},
|
||||
{x b1/144, -x b2/72, -x b3/36, x (-2r-(2u-7))/2},
|
||||
{x^2 c1/288, x^2 c2/144, x^2 c3/72, x^2 c4/4}
|
||||
}
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* H_n is the nonterminating tail
|
||||
|
||||
4F3(n,n+1/6,n+1/2,n+5/6;2n,2n,2n;z).
|
||||
|
||||
Its Euler equation is lTail(theta) H_n=0. *)
|
||||
lTail[n_, z_, t_] :=
|
||||
Expand[
|
||||
t (t+2n-1)^3
|
||||
- z (t+n) (t+n+1/6) (t+n+1/2) (t+n+5/6)
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
companion[n_, z_] := Module[{t, cc},
|
||||
cc = Table[Coefficient[lTail[n,z,t],t,j],{j,0,4}];
|
||||
{
|
||||
{0,1,0,0},
|
||||
{0,0,1,0},
|
||||
{0,0,0,1},
|
||||
-Take[cc,4]/cc[[5]]
|
||||
}
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
thetaMatrix[a_] := Map[z D[#,z]&,a,{2}];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* In z-coordinates one recurrence step is G_n=(-z)M(2n+1).
|
||||
This is an exact differential gauge from the n+1 tail system to the
|
||||
n tail system. *)
|
||||
gauge = Together[-z mm[2n+1,-z/(1-z)]];
|
||||
gaugeResidual = Map[
|
||||
Factor,
|
||||
Together[
|
||||
companion[n,z].gauge
|
||||
- thetaMatrix[gauge]
|
||||
- gauge.companion[n+1,z]
|
||||
],
|
||||
{2}
|
||||
];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"authoritative matrix is the exact tail differential gauge",
|
||||
gaugeResidual === ConstantArray[0,{4,4}]
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* Initial horizontal row. *)
|
||||
cRow[x_] := {18/x+159/4,54/x+131/2,54/x+27,18/x};
|
||||
pBase = Together[-z cRow[-z/(1-z)]];
|
||||
baseResidual = Map[
|
||||
Factor,
|
||||
Together[
|
||||
Map[z D[#,z]&,pBase]
|
||||
+ pBase.companion[1,z]
|
||||
]
|
||||
];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"the compact denominator seed is a horizontal adjoint row",
|
||||
baseResidual === ConstantArray[0,4]
|
||||
];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"base terminating polynomial",
|
||||
Factor[pBase[[1]]-18 (1-77z/24)] === 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* Recover every horizontal-row component from its first component p.
|
||||
Here t acts as theta=z d/dz on p. *)
|
||||
tailCoefficients = Table[
|
||||
Coefficient[lTail[n,z,t],t,j],
|
||||
{j,0,4}
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
thetaOperator[poly_] := Together[
|
||||
Sum[
|
||||
z D[Coefficient[poly,t,j],z] t^j
|
||||
+ Coefficient[poly,t,j] t^(j+1),
|
||||
{j,0,Exponent[poly,t]}
|
||||
]
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
pOp3 = Together[tailCoefficients[[5]]/tailCoefficients[[1]] t];
|
||||
pOp2 = Together[
|
||||
tailCoefficients[[4]]/tailCoefficients[[5]] pOp3
|
||||
- thetaOperator[pOp3]
|
||||
];
|
||||
pOp1 = Together[
|
||||
tailCoefficients[[3]]/tailCoefficients[[5]] pOp3
|
||||
- thetaOperator[pOp2]
|
||||
];
|
||||
pOps = {1,pOp1,pOp2,pOp3};
|
||||
|
||||
(* The last horizontal equation is precisely the terminating 4F3 equation
|
||||
|
||||
theta(theta-2n)^3 p
|
||||
- z(theta-n)(theta-n-1/6)(theta-n-1/2)(theta-n-5/6)p=0.
|
||||
*)
|
||||
adjointResidualOperator = Factor[
|
||||
Together[
|
||||
thetaOperator[pOp1] + 1
|
||||
- tailCoefficients[[2]]/tailCoefficients[[5]] pOp3
|
||||
]
|
||||
];
|
||||
terminatingOperator =
|
||||
Expand[
|
||||
t (t-2n)^3
|
||||
- z (t-n) (t-n-1/6) (t-n-1/2) (t-n-5/6)
|
||||
];
|
||||
adjointFactor = -72/(n(2n+1)(6n+1)(6n+5)z);
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"horizontal elimination gives the terminating 4F3 operator",
|
||||
Factor[
|
||||
Together[
|
||||
adjointResidualOperator-adjointFactor terminatingOperator
|
||||
]
|
||||
] === 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* The first component after one gauge step is D_n(theta) p. *)
|
||||
stepOperator = Factor[Together[pOps.gauge[[All,1]]]];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"the scalar step operator has only z-degrees zero and one",
|
||||
Together[
|
||||
stepOperator
|
||||
- Coefficient[stepOperator,z,0]
|
||||
- z Coefficient[stepOperator,z,1]
|
||||
] === 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
d0[q_] := Together[Coefficient[stepOperator,z,0] /. t->q];
|
||||
d1[q_] := Together[Coefficient[stepOperator,z,1] /. t->q];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* Coefficients h_(n,k) of the normalized terminating 4F3.
|
||||
|
||||
Instead of expanding Pochhammer symbols, the proof needs only:
|
||||
withinRatio = h_(n,k)/h_(n,k-1),
|
||||
crossRatio = h_(n+1,k)/h_(n,k).
|
||||
*)
|
||||
withinRatio =
|
||||
((k-1-n) (k-1-n-1/6) (k-1-n-1/2) (k-1-n-5/6)) /
|
||||
((k-2n)^3 k);
|
||||
|
||||
crossRatio =
|
||||
Product[
|
||||
(n+1+a)/(n+1+a-k),
|
||||
{a,{0,1/6,1/2,5/6}}
|
||||
] * (((k-2n-1)(k-2n))/(2n(2n+1)))^3;
|
||||
|
||||
normalizationRatio =
|
||||
576 n^2 (2n+1)^2 / ((6n+1)(6n+5));
|
||||
|
||||
(* k=0. *)
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"constant-term normalization recurrence",
|
||||
Factor[Together[d0[0]-normalizationRatio]] === 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
(* Generic coefficient 1<=k<=n:
|
||||
|
||||
d0(k) h_(n,k) + d1(k-1) h_(n,k-1)
|
||||
= normalizationRatio h_(n+1,k).
|
||||
*)
|
||||
genericCoefficientResidual = Factor[
|
||||
Together[
|
||||
d0[k]
|
||||
+ d1[k-1]/withinRatio
|
||||
- normalizationRatio crossRatio
|
||||
]
|
||||
];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"generic all-n terminating contiguity coefficient",
|
||||
genericCoefficientResidual === 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
(* The new top coefficient k=n+1 is a boundary case because h_(n,n+1)=0. *)
|
||||
topCoefficientRatio =
|
||||
-(n+7/6)(n+3/2)(n+11/6)/(8(2n+1)^3);
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"terminating top-coefficient boundary",
|
||||
Factor[
|
||||
Together[
|
||||
d1[n]-normalizationRatio topCoefficientRatio
|
||||
]
|
||||
] === 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
|
||||
(* Nonterminating kernel contiguity. *)
|
||||
(* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
|
||||
|
||||
(* The analytic tail solution H_(n+1) has initial Euler jet e_1 at z=0.
|
||||
The gauge sends that vector to normalizationRatio e_1. Uniqueness of the
|
||||
exponent-zero Frobenius solution therefore gives
|
||||
|
||||
gauge J_(n+1) = normalizationRatio J_n.
|
||||
|
||||
Since gauge=(-z)M and K_n=kappa_n z^n J_n, the following reciprocal
|
||||
normalization is exactly M_N K_(N+1)=K_N. *)
|
||||
tailColumnAtOrigin = Map[
|
||||
Factor,
|
||||
Limit[gauge[[All,1]],z->0]
|
||||
];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"tail gauge selects the exponent-zero analytic solution",
|
||||
tailColumnAtOrigin === {normalizationRatio,0,0,0}
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
kappaRatio =
|
||||
-(6n+1)(6n+5)/(576 n^2 (2n+1)^2);
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"nonterminating kernel normalization and exact contiguity",
|
||||
Factor[Together[-kappaRatio normalizationRatio-1]] === 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
|
||||
(* Exact initial annihilation of the CM error rows. *)
|
||||
(* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
|
||||
|
||||
binomialRows = {
|
||||
{1,0,0,0},
|
||||
{1,1,0,0},
|
||||
{1,2,1,0},
|
||||
{1,3,3,1}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
(* K_0=((theta-1)^j(y-1))_(j=0)^3. *)
|
||||
kFormal = Table[(t-1)^j y-(-1)^j,{j,0,3}];
|
||||
fFormal = {y-1,t y,t^2 y,t^3 y};
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"binomial jet converts K_0 to the CM first jet",
|
||||
Expand[binomialRows.kFormal-fFormal] === ConstantArray[0,4]
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
(* The 3F2 equation in x coordinates is
|
||||
|
||||
72 theta^3 y + 108 x theta^2 y + 46 x theta y + 5 x y = 0.
|
||||
|
||||
This makes C K_0=-5/4, hence
|
||||
((5/4)binomialRows+fFormal C) K_0=0. *)
|
||||
cOperator = Factor[
|
||||
Sum[cRow[x][[j+1]] (t-1)^j,{j,0,3}]
|
||||
];
|
||||
cConstant = Factor[
|
||||
-Sum[cRow[x][[j+1]] (-1)^j,{j,0,3}]
|
||||
];
|
||||
cmDifferentialOperator =
|
||||
72t^3+108x t^2+46x t+5x;
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"compact denominator row reduces to the 3F2 operator",
|
||||
Factor[cOperator/cmDifferentialOperator] === 1/(4x)
|
||||
];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"exact CM-error seed annihilation constant",
|
||||
cConstant === -5/4
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
|
||||
(* Rank-one and regular-annihilator-lattice algebra. *)
|
||||
(* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
|
||||
|
||||
(* Multiplying the pole row by x makes the transfer analytic at x=0. *)
|
||||
mHat = Map[
|
||||
Cancel,
|
||||
Together[
|
||||
DiagonalMatrix[{x,1,1,1}].mm[2n+1,x]
|
||||
],
|
||||
{2}
|
||||
];
|
||||
mHat0 = Map[Factor[(#/.x->0)]&,mHat,{2}];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"regularized transfer has rank one at x=0",
|
||||
MatrixRank[mHat0] === 1
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
detExpected =
|
||||
x^3 (2n-1)^3 (2n)^2 (6n-5)^3 (6n-1)^3 /
|
||||
(20736 (2n+1)(6n+1)(6n+5));
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"regularized determinant has exact x-adic order three",
|
||||
Factor[Together[Det[mHat]-detExpected]] === 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"Smith valuations are exactly (0,1,1,1)",
|
||||
Factor[Cancel[Det[mHat]/x^3]/.x->0] =!= 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
(* For H_n=1+h_n z+O(z^2), every nonzero Euler derivative divided by
|
||||
H_n starts as h_n z=-h_n x+O(x^2). Thus the normalized syzygy basis
|
||||
|
||||
W_n = [ -theta^i H_n/H_n | e_i ], i=1,2,3,
|
||||
|
||||
has the following first-order truncation. The exact zero below proves
|
||||
that (W_n M_N)[:,2:4] is divisible by x. This is the algebraic step
|
||||
which gains one valuation at every recurrence step. *)
|
||||
hTail = Factor[
|
||||
n(n+1/6)(n+1/2)(n+5/6)/(2n)^3
|
||||
];
|
||||
wLeading = {
|
||||
{hTail x,1,0,0},
|
||||
{hTail x,0,1,0},
|
||||
{hTail x,0,0,1}
|
||||
};
|
||||
latticeStepLeading = Map[
|
||||
Cancel,
|
||||
Together[
|
||||
(wLeading.mm[2n+1,x])[[All,2;;4]]
|
||||
],
|
||||
{2}
|
||||
];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"regular annihilator transfer gains one power of x",
|
||||
Map[Factor[(#/.x->0)]&,latticeStepLeading,{2}]
|
||||
=== ConstantArray[0,{3,3}]
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
|
||||
(* Exact spectral and cyclic-frame closure for all four official columns. *)
|
||||
(* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
|
||||
|
||||
rOfficial = 151931373056001;
|
||||
sLimit = {
|
||||
{64rOfficial-44,96rOfficial-54,48rOfficial-17,8rOfficial},
|
||||
{-8,-12,-6,-1},
|
||||
{1/rOfficial,-4/rOfficial,-6/rOfficial,-2/rOfficial},
|
||||
{
|
||||
2/rOfficial^2,
|
||||
(17rOfficial-8)/rOfficial^2,
|
||||
4(5rOfficial-3)/rOfficial^2,
|
||||
(6rOfficial-4)/rOfficial^2
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
qQuartic[lam_] := (
|
||||
rOfficial^2 lam^4
|
||||
- (64rOfficial^3-56rOfficial^2-4) lam^3
|
||||
+ (48rOfficial^2-262rOfficial+220) lam^2
|
||||
- (12rOfficial-8) lam+1
|
||||
);
|
||||
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"balanced characteristic polynomial is the authoritative quartic",
|
||||
Factor[
|
||||
CharacteristicPolynomial[sLimit,lam]
|
||||
-qQuartic[lam]/rOfficial^2
|
||||
] === 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"characteristic quartic is irreducible",
|
||||
TrueQ[IrreduciblePolynomialQ[qQuartic[lam]]]
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
roucheMargin =
|
||||
64rOfficial^3-105rOfficial^2+250rOfficial-217;
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"Rouche separation has three roots in the unit disk",
|
||||
roucheMargin > 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
eFirst = {1,0,0,0};
|
||||
cyclicFrame = Transpose[{
|
||||
eFirst,
|
||||
sLimit.eFirst,
|
||||
MatrixPower[sLimit,2].eFirst,
|
||||
MatrixPower[sLimit,3].eFirst
|
||||
}];
|
||||
cyclicDetExpected =
|
||||
-4(27rOfficial-11)(128rOfficial^2-149rOfficial-43)/
|
||||
rOfficial^6;
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"limiting first-coordinate cyclic frame is invertible",
|
||||
Factor[Together[Det[cyclicFrame]-cyclicDetExpected]] === 0
|
||||
&& cyclicDetExpected != 0
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
wLeft = {
|
||||
10+(44-7rOfficial)lam+(4+12rOfficial^2)lam^2
|
||||
+rOfficial^2 lam^3,
|
||||
2((-23+40rOfficial)
|
||||
+(-108+194rOfficial-28rOfficial^2)lam
|
||||
+(-27rOfficial^2+48rOfficial^3)lam^2),
|
||||
(-32+71rOfficial)
|
||||
+(-68+198rOfficial-8rOfficial^2)lam
|
||||
+(-17rOfficial^2+48rOfficial^3)lam^2,
|
||||
2rOfficial(8+(17+3rOfficial)lam+4rOfficial^2 lam^2)
|
||||
};
|
||||
leftResidual = Map[
|
||||
Factor,
|
||||
Together[
|
||||
wLeft.(lam IdentityMatrix[4]-sLimit)
|
||||
-{qQuartic[lam],0,0,0}
|
||||
]
|
||||
];
|
||||
check[
|
||||
"dominant left eigenvector has four nonzero coordinates",
|
||||
leftResidual === ConstantArray[0,4]
|
||||
&& And@@Map[
|
||||
Exponent[PolynomialGCD[qQuartic[lam],#],lam] === 0&,
|
||||
wLeft
|
||||
]
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Print["PASS: consolidated exact hypergeometric-closure certificate"];
|
||||
Print[
|
||||
"M_N K_(N+1)=K_N with ",
|
||||
"kappa_(n+1)/kappa_n=-(6n+1)(6n+5)/",
|
||||
"(576n^2(2n+1)^2)"
|
||||
];
|
||||
Print[
|
||||
"P_n(z)[[1]]/a_n = ",
|
||||
"4F3(-n,-n-1/6,-n-1/2,-n-5/6;",
|
||||
"1-2n,1-2n,1-2n;z)"
|
||||
];
|
||||
Print[
|
||||
"a_(n+1)/a_n = ",
|
||||
"576 n^2 (2n+1)^2/((6n+1)(6n+5)), a_1=18"
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
|
|||
#!/usr/bin/env sage
|
||||
"""
|
||||
Exact all-N kernel/contiguity certificate for Ramanujan Challenge 2.8.
|
||||
|
||||
This file works over QQ(u,x,j), so every assertion is a symbolic identity.
|
||||
Put
|
||||
|
||||
z = -x/(1-x), theta = z*d/dz = (1-x)*x*d/dx,
|
||||
u = 2*N+3, m = N+1 = (u-1)/2.
|
||||
|
||||
The scalar adjoint tail is, up to a nonzero normalization kappa_N,
|
||||
|
||||
F_N(z) = kappa_N*z^m *
|
||||
4F3(m,m+1/6,m+1/2,m+5/6; 2m,2m,2m; z).
|
||||
|
||||
Writing delta_N = theta-m, its four-component Euler jet is
|
||||
|
||||
K_N = (F_N, delta_N F_N, delta_N^2 F_N, delta_N^3 F_N)^T.
|
||||
|
||||
The assertions below prove symbolically that the parameterized official
|
||||
transfer matrix satisfies
|
||||
|
||||
M_N(x) K_{N+1}(x) = K_N(x)
|
||||
|
||||
for every N >= 0. The first component is checked coefficientwise using the
|
||||
hypergeometric coefficient ratios. The remaining three components are
|
||||
checked as exact Ore-style polynomial congruences modulo the shifted 4F3
|
||||
differential equation.
|
||||
|
||||
This uses the exact parameter identity
|
||||
|
||||
236337691420383 = (14*R-567)/9, R=1/x,
|
||||
|
||||
which is valid at the official R=151931373056001.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
from sage.all import *
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Coefficient field and the Euler-operator polynomial variable.
|
||||
A = PolynomialRing(QQ, names=("u", "x", "j"))
|
||||
u, x, j = A.gens()
|
||||
K = A.fraction_field()
|
||||
u, x, j = map(K, (u, x, j))
|
||||
T = PolynomialRing(K, "t")
|
||||
t = T.gen()
|
||||
|
||||
m = (u - 1) / 2
|
||||
R = 1 / x
|
||||
w = u * (3*u - 2) * (3*u + 2)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Exact parameterized official transfer matrix.
|
||||
a1 = R*(144*u**5 - 288*u**4 + 144*u**3) \
|
||||
+ (-99*u**5 + 333*u**4 - 229*u**3 - 114*u**2 + 40*u + 64)
|
||||
a2 = R*(432*u**4 - 864*u**3 + 432*u**2) \
|
||||
+ (-243*u**4 + 909*u**3 - 868*u**2 - 80*u + 272)
|
||||
a3 = R*(432*u**3 - 864*u**2 + 432*u) \
|
||||
+ (-153*u**3 + 648*u**2 - 860*u + 360)
|
||||
a4 = R*144*(u - 1)**2
|
||||
|
||||
b1 = R*(-144*u**3) + (9*u**4 + 63*u**3 + 158*u**2 + 168*u + 64)
|
||||
b2 = R*(216*u**2) + (36*u**3 - 189*u**2 - 316*u - 168)
|
||||
b3 = R*(108*u) + (54*u**2 - 189*u - 158)
|
||||
|
||||
c1 = R**2*(-288*u**3) \
|
||||
+ R*(54*u**4 + 378*u**3 + 948*u**2 + 1008*u + 384) \
|
||||
+ (18*u**5 + 45*u**4 - 251*u**3 - 1086*u**2 - 1384*u - 576)
|
||||
c2 = R**2*(-432*u**2) \
|
||||
+ R*(153*u**4 - 657*u**3 + 1292*u**2 + 2064*u + 1072) \
|
||||
+ (-72*u**4 + 702*u**3 - 1069*u**2 - 2508*u - 1512)
|
||||
c3 = R**2*(-216*u) \
|
||||
+ R*(180*u**3 - 891*u**2 + 1450*u + 1116) \
|
||||
+ (-108*u**3 + 864*u**2 - 1385*u - 1422)
|
||||
c4 = R**2*(-4) \
|
||||
+ R*(6*u**2 - 33*u + 58 + QQ(14)/9) \
|
||||
+ (-4*u**2 + 32*u - 63)
|
||||
|
||||
M = Matrix(K, [
|
||||
[a1/w, a2/w, a3/w, a4/w],
|
||||
[-u**3, -3*u**2, -3*u, -1],
|
||||
[x*b1/144, -x*b2/72, -x*b3/36, x*(-2*R-(2*u-7))/2],
|
||||
[x**2*c1/288, x**2*c2/144, x**2*c3/72, x**2*c4/4],
|
||||
])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# P_r(t) is row r of M evaluated on the shifted Euler jet
|
||||
# (1,t,t^2,t^3)^T of F_{N+1}.
|
||||
P = [
|
||||
T(sum(M[r, s] * t**s for s in range(4)))
|
||||
for r in range(4)
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# F_{N+1} has exponent m+1 and parameters
|
||||
# (m+1,m+7/6,m+3/2,m+11/6; 2m+2,2m+2,2m+2).
|
||||
# With t=delta_{N+1}, its exact 4F3 differential equation is L(t)F=0.
|
||||
L = T(
|
||||
(1-x)*t*(t+u)**3
|
||||
+ x*(t+m+1)*(t+m+QQ(7)/6)*(t+m+QQ(3)/2)*(t+m+QQ(11)/6)
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def theta_coefficients(poly):
|
||||
"""Apply theta=(1-x)x*d/dx only to the coefficients of poly(t)."""
|
||||
return T(sum(
|
||||
(1-x)*x*K(poly[k]).derivative(x) * t**k
|
||||
for k in range(poly.degree()+1)
|
||||
))
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def shifted_derivative(poly):
|
||||
"""Operator induced by delta_N=theta-m=t+1 on poly(t)F_{N+1}."""
|
||||
return theta_coefficients(poly) + (t+1)*poly
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Row 1 is the clean scalar contiguity relation
|
||||
#
|
||||
# delta_N F_N = -(t+u)^3 F_{N+1}.
|
||||
assert P[1] == -(t+u)**3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Once row 0 gives F_N=P_0(t)F_{N+1}, the other rows must be its first,
|
||||
# second and third delta_N derivatives. The following exact congruences
|
||||
# prove precisely that, modulo the shifted 4F3 equation L(t)F=0.
|
||||
expected_quotients = [
|
||||
144*(u-1)**2 / (u*(3*u-2)*(3*u+2)*x),
|
||||
-1,
|
||||
(-2 + 7*x - 2*u*x) / 2,
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
for r in range(3):
|
||||
difference = T(shifted_derivative(P[r]) - P[r+1])
|
||||
quotient, remainder = difference.quo_rem(L)
|
||||
assert remainder == 0
|
||||
assert K(quotient) == K(expected_quotients[r])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# It remains to certify row 0, i.e. F_N=P_0(t)F_{N+1}.
|
||||
# Split P_0=A(t)/x+B(t). Since 1/x=-(1-z)/z=-1/z+1,
|
||||
# the coefficient of z^(m+j) is a two-term expression involving the j-th
|
||||
# and (j-1)-st coefficients of F_{N+1}. The identities below verify it
|
||||
# for symbolic j.
|
||||
AA = T(144*(u-1)**2*(t+u)**3 / (u*(3*u-2)*(3*u+2)))
|
||||
BB = T(P[0] - AA/x)
|
||||
assert P[0] == AA/x + BB
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# kappa_{N+1}/kappa_N. In N-language this is
|
||||
# -(6N+7)(6N+11)/(576(N+1)^2(2N+3)^2).
|
||||
rho = -(3*u-2)*(3*u+2) / (144*(u-1)**2*u**2)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def b_over_a(q):
|
||||
"""Coefficient ratio b_q/a_q for F_{N+1} versus F_N."""
|
||||
return K(
|
||||
((m+q)*(m+QQ(1)/6+q)*(m+QQ(1)/2+q)*(m+QQ(5)/6+q))
|
||||
/ (m*(m+QQ(1)/6)*(m+QQ(1)/2)*(m+QQ(5)/6))
|
||||
* (2*m*(2*m+1) / ((2*m+q)*(2*m+q+1)))**3
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def a_next_ratio(q):
|
||||
"""a_(q+1)/a_q for the normalized hypergeometric series in F_N."""
|
||||
return K(
|
||||
(m+q)*(m+QQ(1)/6+q)*(m+QQ(1)/2+q)*(m+QQ(5)/6+q)
|
||||
/ ((2*m+q)**3*(q+1))
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Lowest coefficient, j=0.
|
||||
assert K(rho * (-AA(K(0))) - 1) == 0
|
||||
|
||||
# Generic coefficient, j>=1. This is an identity in QQ(u,j).
|
||||
Rj = b_over_a(j)
|
||||
Sj = b_over_a(j-1) / a_next_ratio(j-1)
|
||||
generic_identity = K(
|
||||
rho * (
|
||||
-AA(j)*Rj
|
||||
+ (AA(j-1)+BB(j-1))*Sj
|
||||
) - 1
|
||||
)
|
||||
assert generic_identity == 0
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
print("PASS: exact all-N 4F3 kernel contiguity certificate")
|
||||
print("M_N(x) K_{N+1}(x) = K_N(x) symbolically in QQ(u,x)")
|
||||
print("theta convention: theta=z*d/dz=(1-x)*x*d/dx")
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
|
|||
#!/usr/bin/env sage
|
||||
"""
|
||||
Exact algebraic hypotheses for the Problem 2.8 tail-lattice induction.
|
||||
|
||||
Run from the repository root with
|
||||
|
||||
sage agent_outputs/tail_lattice/p28_lattice_hypotheses_certificate.sage
|
||||
|
||||
The script loads the independent all-N kernel certificate, then verifies:
|
||||
|
||||
* J_N = diag(x,1,1,1) M_N is regular at x=0;
|
||||
* J_N(0) has the claimed rank-one factorization;
|
||||
* its image direction is the leading direction of H k_N;
|
||||
* the transformed 3F2 equation gives the exact row dependence.
|
||||
|
||||
The only non-machine step in the lattice closure is then the two-line DVR
|
||||
lemma proved in TAIL_LATTICE_CLOSURE_REPORT.md.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
from sage.all import *
|
||||
import os
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
HERE = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
|
||||
KERNEL = os.path.join(HERE, "p28_kernel_contiguity_certificate.sage")
|
||||
if not os.path.exists(KERNEL):
|
||||
KERNEL = os.path.join(
|
||||
HERE, "..", "special_functions",
|
||||
"p28_kernel_contiguity_certificate.sage"
|
||||
)
|
||||
load(KERNEL)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
H = diagonal_matrix(K, [x, 1, 1, 1])
|
||||
J = H*M
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def value_at_zero(q):
|
||||
"""Evaluate a simplified rational function at x=0."""
|
||||
q = K(q)
|
||||
numerator = q.numerator()
|
||||
denominator = q.denominator()
|
||||
value_denominator = denominator.subs({x: 0})
|
||||
assert value_denominator != 0
|
||||
return K(numerator.subs({x: 0}) / value_denominator)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
J0 = Matrix(K, 4, 4, [value_at_zero(q) for q in J.list()])
|
||||
a = 144*(u-1)**2 / (u*(3*u-2)*(3*u+2))
|
||||
left = vector(K, [a, -1, -1, -1])
|
||||
right = vector(K, [u**3, 3*u**2, 3*u, 1])
|
||||
|
||||
assert J0 == left.column()*right.row()
|
||||
assert J0.rank() == 1
|
||||
assert J0.column(0) != 0
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# The x^(-1) coefficient of M controls the constant term of the transformed
|
||||
# denominator. It is another rank-one matrix, now with only its first row
|
||||
# nonzero.
|
||||
Mminus1 = Matrix(K, 4, 4, [
|
||||
value_at_zero(x*q) for q in M.list()
|
||||
])
|
||||
e0 = vector(K, [1, 0, 0, 0])
|
||||
assert Mminus1 == e0.column()*(a*right).row()
|
||||
|
||||
# Therefore c_(N+1)/c_N is the first entry of a*right.
|
||||
constant_ratio = a*u**3
|
||||
assert constant_ratio == (
|
||||
144*(u-1)**2*u**2 / ((3*u-2)*(3*u+2))
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# The first coefficient of
|
||||
#
|
||||
# 4F3(m,m+1/6,m+1/2,m+5/6;2m,2m,2m;z)
|
||||
#
|
||||
# is c. Since z=-x+O(x^2), the leading direction of H*k_N is
|
||||
# (1,-c,-c,-c)^T.
|
||||
c = (
|
||||
m*(m+QQ(1)/6)*(m+QQ(1)/2)*(m+QQ(5)/6)
|
||||
/ (2*m)**3
|
||||
)
|
||||
assert K(c - 1/a) == 0
|
||||
tail_direction = vector(K, [1, -c, -c, -c])
|
||||
assert left == a*tail_direction
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# The row dependence is just the transformed 3F2 equation. It is recorded
|
||||
# here as a formal coefficient identity in the four symbols
|
||||
# (y-1, theta*y, theta^2*y, theta^3*y).
|
||||
Y = PolynomialRing(K, names=("f0", "f1", "f2", "f3"))
|
||||
f0, f1, f2, f3 = Y.gens()
|
||||
y = f0 + 1
|
||||
ode = 72*f3 + 108*x*f2 + 46*x*f1 + 5*x*y
|
||||
|
||||
# C*k0 = -5/4 after B*k0=f.
|
||||
Ck0 = 18*f3/x + QQ(5)/4*f0 + QQ(23)/2*f1 + 27*f2
|
||||
assert Y(x*(Ck0 + QQ(5)/4) - ode/4) == 0
|
||||
|
||||
# Therefore 72 E3 + 108 x E2 + 46 x E1 + 5 x E0 = 0.
|
||||
# The B-part cancels independently.
|
||||
b0 = vector(K, [1, 0, 0, 0])
|
||||
b1 = vector(K, [1, 1, 0, 0])
|
||||
b2 = vector(K, [1, 2, 1, 0])
|
||||
b3 = vector(K, [1, 3, 3, 1])
|
||||
assert 72*b3 + 108*x*b2 + 46*x*b1 + 5*x*b0 == vector(
|
||||
K, [72 + 108*x + 46*x + 5*x,
|
||||
216 + 108*x + 46*x,
|
||||
216 + 108*x,
|
||||
72]
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
# In the full carrier the f*C contribution is killed by the ODE, and the
|
||||
# displayed B combination equals -4*C after using the compact expression
|
||||
# C=(18/x)b3+(5/4)b0+(23/2)b1+27b2. Verify this exact cancellation.
|
||||
Crow = 18*b3/x + QQ(5)/4*b0 + QQ(23)/2*b1 + 27*b2
|
||||
Bcomb = 72*b3 + 108*x*b2 + 46*x*b1 + 5*x*b0
|
||||
assert Bcomb == 4*x*Crow
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
print("PASS: exact rank-one/DVR hypotheses for all N")
|
||||
print("J_N(0) = (a,-1,-1,-1)^T (u^3,3u^2,3u,1)")
|
||||
print("a^{-1} is the first shifted 4F3 coefficient")
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
|
|||
#!/usr/bin/env python3
|
||||
"""Exact parametric Padé probe for Ramanujan Challenge Problem 2.8.
|
||||
|
||||
This is a discovery/certificate-design script, not yet an all-N proof.
|
||||
|
||||
Put x = 1/R and replace the otherwise isolated integer in c4 by
|
||||
|
||||
236337691420383 = (14*R - 567)/9.
|
||||
|
||||
The official initial rows then have the much smaller exact description
|
||||
|
||||
C_R = (18R+159/4, 54R+131/2, 54R+27, 18R),
|
||||
A1 = 426880*C_R,
|
||||
A0 = 13591409*C_R - (5/4)*(13591409+545140134,545140134,0,0).
|
||||
|
||||
For
|
||||
|
||||
f(x) = (1/426880) sum_{k>=0} (A+B*k)
|
||||
(1/6)_k(1/2)_k(5/6)_k/(k!)^3
|
||||
(-x/(1-x))^k,
|
||||
|
||||
the exact experiments below prove, for the checked N, that the four rational
|
||||
functions obtained from A0*M(0)...M(N-1) and A1*M(0)...M(N-1) agree with f at
|
||||
x=0 to orders
|
||||
|
||||
2N+2, 2N+1, 2N+1, 2N+1.
|
||||
|
||||
The stable pattern is the intended target for an all-N matrix-WZ/Padé proof.
|
||||
Only Python's exact Fraction arithmetic is used.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
from fractions import Fraction as F
|
||||
from math import comb
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
R_OFFICIAL = 151931373056001
|
||||
C4_OFFICIAL = 236337691420383
|
||||
A = F(13591409)
|
||||
B = F(545140134)
|
||||
S = F(426880)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Laurent polynomials in x, represented by exponent -> rational coefficient.
|
||||
def add(a, b):
|
||||
out = dict(a)
|
||||
for exponent, coefficient in b.items():
|
||||
out[exponent] = out.get(exponent, F(0)) + coefficient
|
||||
return {e: c for e, c in out.items() if c}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def scale(a, c):
|
||||
c = F(c)
|
||||
return {e: c * v for e, v in a.items() if c * v}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def mul(a, b):
|
||||
out = {}
|
||||
for e, c in a.items():
|
||||
for f, d in b.items():
|
||||
out[e + f] = out.get(e + f, F(0)) + c * d
|
||||
return {e: c for e, c in out.items() if c}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def mono(c, exponent=0):
|
||||
return {} if not c else {exponent: F(c)}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def total(items):
|
||||
out = {}
|
||||
for item in items:
|
||||
out = add(out, item)
|
||||
return out
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
R = mono(1, -1)
|
||||
R2 = mono(1, -2)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def matrix_step(n):
|
||||
"""The exact official matrix as a Laurent-polynomial family in x=1/R."""
|
||||
u = F(2 * n + 3)
|
||||
w = u * (3 * u - 2) * (3 * u + 2)
|
||||
|
||||
a1 = add(
|
||||
scale(R, 144 * u**5 - 288 * u**4 + 144 * u**3),
|
||||
mono(-99 * u**5 + 333 * u**4 - 229 * u**3 - 114 * u**2 + 40 * u + 64),
|
||||
)
|
||||
a2 = add(
|
||||
scale(R, 432 * u**4 - 864 * u**3 + 432 * u**2),
|
||||
mono(-243 * u**4 + 909 * u**3 - 868 * u**2 - 80 * u + 272),
|
||||
)
|
||||
a3 = add(
|
||||
scale(R, 432 * u**3 - 864 * u**2 + 432 * u),
|
||||
mono(-153 * u**3 + 648 * u**2 - 860 * u + 360),
|
||||
)
|
||||
a4 = scale(R, 144 * (u - 1) ** 2)
|
||||
|
||||
b1 = add(
|
||||
scale(R, -144 * u**3),
|
||||
mono(9 * u**4 + 63 * u**3 + 158 * u**2 + 168 * u + 64),
|
||||
)
|
||||
b2 = add(
|
||||
scale(R, 216 * u**2),
|
||||
mono(36 * u**3 - 189 * u**2 - 316 * u - 168),
|
||||
)
|
||||
b3 = add(
|
||||
scale(R, 108 * u),
|
||||
mono(54 * u**2 - 189 * u - 158),
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
c1 = add(
|
||||
scale(R2, -288 * u**3),
|
||||
add(
|
||||
scale(R, 54 * u**4 + 378 * u**3 + 948 * u**2 + 1008 * u + 384),
|
||||
mono(18 * u**5 + 45 * u**4 - 251 * u**3 - 1086 * u**2 - 1384 * u - 576),
|
||||
),
|
||||
)
|
||||
c2 = add(
|
||||
scale(R2, -432 * u**2),
|
||||
add(
|
||||
scale(R, 153 * u**4 - 657 * u**3 + 1292 * u**2 + 2064 * u + 1072),
|
||||
mono(-72 * u**4 + 702 * u**3 - 1069 * u**2 - 2508 * u - 1512),
|
||||
),
|
||||
)
|
||||
c3 = add(
|
||||
scale(R2, -216 * u),
|
||||
add(
|
||||
scale(R, 180 * u**3 - 891 * u**2 + 1450 * u + 1116),
|
||||
mono(-108 * u**3 + 864 * u**2 - 1385 * u - 1422),
|
||||
),
|
||||
)
|
||||
# This is exactly the official c4 after using
|
||||
# C4_OFFICIAL=(14*R_OFFICIAL-567)/9.
|
||||
c4 = add(
|
||||
scale(R2, -4),
|
||||
add(
|
||||
scale(R, 6 * u**2 - 33 * u + 58 + F(14, 9)),
|
||||
mono(-4 * u**2 + 32 * u - 63),
|
||||
),
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
return [
|
||||
[scale(a1, 1 / w), scale(a2, 1 / w), scale(a3, 1 / w), scale(a4, 1 / w)],
|
||||
[mono(-u**3), mono(-3 * u**2), mono(-3 * u), mono(-1)],
|
||||
[
|
||||
scale(mul(b1, mono(1, 1)), F(1, 144)),
|
||||
scale(mul(scale(b2, -1), mono(1, 1)), F(1, 72)),
|
||||
scale(mul(scale(b3, -1), mono(1, 1)), F(1, 36)),
|
||||
scale(mul(add(scale(R, -2), mono(-(2 * u - 7))), mono(1, 1)), F(1, 2)),
|
||||
],
|
||||
[
|
||||
scale(mul(c1, mono(1, 2)), F(1, 288)),
|
||||
scale(mul(c2, mono(1, 2)), F(1, 144)),
|
||||
scale(mul(c3, mono(1, 2)), F(1, 72)),
|
||||
scale(mul(c4, mono(1, 2)), F(1, 4)),
|
||||
],
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def matrix_mul(left, right):
|
||||
return [
|
||||
[total(mul(left[i][k], right[k][j]) for k in range(4)) for j in range(4)]
|
||||
for i in range(4)
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def row_column(row, matrix, column):
|
||||
return total(mul(row[i], matrix[i][column]) for i in range(4))
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def hypergeometric_coefficient(k):
|
||||
out = F(1)
|
||||
for j in range(k):
|
||||
out *= (
|
||||
F(6 * j + 1, 6)
|
||||
* F(2 * j + 1, 2)
|
||||
* F(6 * j + 5, 6)
|
||||
/ F((j + 1) ** 3)
|
||||
)
|
||||
return out
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def target_coefficients(max_degree):
|
||||
"""Coefficients of f(x), using z=-x/(1-x) exactly."""
|
||||
out = [F(0)] * (max_degree + 1)
|
||||
out[0] = A / S
|
||||
for m in range(1, max_degree + 1):
|
||||
out[m] = sum(
|
||||
F((-1) ** k * comb(m - 1, k - 1))
|
||||
* (A + B * k)
|
||||
* hypergeometric_coefficient(k)
|
||||
/ S
|
||||
for k in range(1, m + 1)
|
||||
)
|
||||
return out
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def residual(numerator, denominator, target, max_exponent):
|
||||
"""Laurent coefficients of numerator - target*denominator."""
|
||||
low = min(min(numerator), min(denominator))
|
||||
out = {}
|
||||
for exponent in range(low, max_exponent + 1):
|
||||
value = numerator.get(exponent, F(0))
|
||||
for q_exponent, q_coefficient in denominator.items():
|
||||
index = exponent - q_exponent
|
||||
if 0 <= index < len(target):
|
||||
value -= q_coefficient * target[index]
|
||||
if value:
|
||||
out[exponent] = value
|
||||
return out
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def main():
|
||||
assert 9 * C4_OFFICIAL == 14 * R_OFFICIAL - 567
|
||||
|
||||
c_row = [
|
||||
add(scale(R, 18), mono(F(159, 4))),
|
||||
add(scale(R, 54), mono(F(131, 2))),
|
||||
add(scale(R, 54), mono(27)),
|
||||
scale(R, 18),
|
||||
]
|
||||
h_row = [mono(A + B), mono(B), {}, {}]
|
||||
a0 = [add(scale(c_row[i], A), scale(h_row[i], F(-5, 4))) for i in range(4)]
|
||||
a1 = [scale(entry, S) for entry in c_row]
|
||||
|
||||
# Recover the official integer rows at R=R_OFFICIAL.
|
||||
def specialize(poly):
|
||||
return sum(c * F(R_OFFICIAL) ** (-e) for e, c in poly.items())
|
||||
|
||||
assert [specialize(v) for v in a0] == list(
|
||||
map(
|
||||
F,
|
||||
[
|
||||
37169305760442252761441,
|
||||
111507917281327441564208,
|
||||
111507917281327599720129,
|
||||
37169305760442410917362,
|
||||
],
|
||||
)
|
||||
)
|
||||
assert [specialize(v) for v in a1] == list(
|
||||
map(
|
||||
F,
|
||||
[
|
||||
1167416361542639692320,
|
||||
3502249084627896132160,
|
||||
3502249084627879697280,
|
||||
1167416361542622723840,
|
||||
],
|
||||
)
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
max_n = 7
|
||||
target = target_coefficients(4 * max_n + 20)
|
||||
product = [[mono(int(i == j)) for j in range(4)] for i in range(4)]
|
||||
records = []
|
||||
|
||||
for n in range(max_n + 1):
|
||||
valuations = []
|
||||
for column in range(4):
|
||||
p = row_column(a0, product, column)
|
||||
q = row_column(a1, product, column)
|
||||
error = residual(p, q, target, 3 * max_n + 10)
|
||||
valuation = min(error)
|
||||
valuations.append(valuation)
|
||||
expected = [n + 1, n, n, n]
|
||||
assert valuations == expected, (n, valuations, expected)
|
||||
records.append((n, valuations))
|
||||
if n < max_n:
|
||||
product = matrix_mul(product, matrix_step(n))
|
||||
|
||||
print("PASS: exact parametric Padé pattern through N=%d" % max_n)
|
||||
print("C4 identity: 9*C4 = 14*R-567")
|
||||
print("A1 = 426880*C_R")
|
||||
print("A0 = 13591409*C_R-(5/4)*(A+B,B,0,0)")
|
||||
for n, valuations in records:
|
||||
print("N=%d residual valuations=%s" % (n, valuations))
|
||||
print(
|
||||
"After dividing by the denominators, the four approximation orders are "
|
||||
"[2N+2,2N+1,2N+1,2N+1]."
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
main()
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
|
|||
#!/usr/bin/env python3
|
||||
"""Dependency-free exact checks for the tail-lattice proof.
|
||||
|
||||
Only fractions and sparse univariate polynomials are used. The script checks
|
||||
the pieces that do not require a hypergeometric CAS:
|
||||
|
||||
* the rank-one x=0 factorization of H M_N;
|
||||
* the rank-one x^(-1) coefficient of M_N and c_N normalization;
|
||||
* the compact-row/ODE cancellation;
|
||||
* the exact Rouché separation of the characteristic quartic; and
|
||||
* the explicit fixed-point convergence constants.
|
||||
|
||||
The two hypergeometric all-N contiguity identities are checked separately by
|
||||
the Sage and Wolfram certificates named in TAIL_LATTICE_CLOSURE_REPORT.md.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
from fractions import Fraction as Q
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Sparse polynomials in one variable, exponent -> Fraction.
|
||||
def poly(items=()):
|
||||
out = {}
|
||||
for exponent, coefficient in items:
|
||||
coefficient = Q(coefficient)
|
||||
if coefficient:
|
||||
out[exponent] = out.get(exponent, Q(0)) + coefficient
|
||||
return {e: c for e, c in out.items() if c}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def add(a, b):
|
||||
return poly(list(a.items()) + list(b.items()))
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def scale(a, scalar):
|
||||
scalar = Q(scalar)
|
||||
return poly((e, scalar*c) for e, c in a.items())
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def mul(a, b):
|
||||
return poly(
|
||||
(e+f, c*d)
|
||||
for e, c in a.items()
|
||||
for f, d in b.items()
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def power(a, exponent):
|
||||
out = poly([(0, 1)])
|
||||
for _ in range(exponent):
|
||||
out = mul(out, a)
|
||||
return out
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
one = poly([(0, 1)])
|
||||
u = poly([(1, 1)])
|
||||
u_minus_1 = add(u, poly([(0, -1)]))
|
||||
three_u_minus_2 = add(scale(u, 3), poly([(0, -2)]))
|
||||
three_u_plus_2 = add(scale(u, 3), poly([(0, 2)]))
|
||||
w = mul(u, mul(three_u_minus_2, three_u_plus_2))
|
||||
v = [power(u, 3), scale(power(u, 2), 3), scale(u, 3), one]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Clear the common denominator w in J(0)=H M_N|_(x=0).
|
||||
official_j0_times_w = [
|
||||
[
|
||||
poly([(5, 144), (4, -288), (3, 144)]),
|
||||
poly([(4, 432), (3, -864), (2, 432)]),
|
||||
poly([(3, 432), (2, -864), (1, 432)]),
|
||||
scale(power(u_minus_1, 2), 144),
|
||||
],
|
||||
[scale(mul(w, item), -1) for item in v],
|
||||
[scale(mul(w, item), -1) for item in v],
|
||||
[scale(mul(w, item), -1) for item in v],
|
||||
]
|
||||
rank_one_j0_times_w = [
|
||||
[scale(mul(power(u_minus_1, 2), item), 144) for item in v],
|
||||
[scale(mul(w, item), -1) for item in v],
|
||||
[scale(mul(w, item), -1) for item in v],
|
||||
[scale(mul(w, item), -1) for item in v],
|
||||
]
|
||||
assert official_j0_times_w == rank_one_j0_times_w
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Clear w in lim x M_N. Only the first row is nonzero.
|
||||
official_mminus1_times_w = [
|
||||
rank_one_j0_times_w[0],
|
||||
[{}, {}, {}, {}],
|
||||
[{}, {}, {}, {}],
|
||||
[{}, {}, {}, {}],
|
||||
]
|
||||
expected_mminus1_times_w = [
|
||||
[scale(mul(power(u_minus_1, 2), item), 144) for item in v],
|
||||
[{}, {}, {}, {}],
|
||||
[{}, {}, {}, {}],
|
||||
[{}, {}, {}, {}],
|
||||
]
|
||||
assert official_mminus1_times_w == expected_mminus1_times_w
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# The first tail coefficient is
|
||||
#
|
||||
# c = u(3u-2)(3u+2)/(144(u-1)^2),
|
||||
#
|
||||
# so the leading direction of H k_N is (1,-c,-c,-c), exactly the image
|
||||
# direction of J(0). Clearing the denominator gives the identity below.
|
||||
assert w == mul(u, mul(three_u_minus_2, three_u_plus_2))
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Transformed ODE:
|
||||
#
|
||||
# 72(1-x) theta^3 + x(72 theta^3+108 theta^2+46 theta+5)
|
||||
# = 72 theta^3+108x theta^2+46x theta+5x.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Store coefficient pairs (constant term, x coefficient), ordered from
|
||||
# theta^0 through theta^3.
|
||||
ode_left = [
|
||||
(Q(0), Q(5)),
|
||||
(Q(0), Q(46)),
|
||||
(Q(0), Q(108)),
|
||||
(Q(72), Q(-72+72)),
|
||||
]
|
||||
ode_right = [
|
||||
(Q(0), Q(5)),
|
||||
(Q(0), Q(46)),
|
||||
(Q(0), Q(108)),
|
||||
(Q(72), Q(0)),
|
||||
]
|
||||
assert ode_left == ode_right
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# B-row cancellation: 4x C = 72 b3 + 108x b2 + 46x b1 + 5x b0.
|
||||
b0 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
|
||||
b1 = (1, 1, 0, 0)
|
||||
b2 = (1, 2, 1, 0)
|
||||
b3 = (1, 3, 3, 1)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def vector_add(*vectors):
|
||||
return tuple(sum(Q(v[j]) for v in vectors) for j in range(4))
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def vector_scale(scalar, vector):
|
||||
return tuple(Q(scalar)*Q(value) for value in vector)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
constant_part = vector_scale(72, b3)
|
||||
x_part = vector_add(
|
||||
vector_scale(108, b2),
|
||||
vector_scale(46, b1),
|
||||
vector_scale(5, b0),
|
||||
)
|
||||
four_x_c_constant = vector_scale(72, b3)
|
||||
four_x_c_x = vector_add(
|
||||
vector_scale(5, b0),
|
||||
vector_scale(46, b1),
|
||||
vector_scale(108, b2),
|
||||
)
|
||||
assert constant_part == four_x_c_constant
|
||||
assert x_part == four_x_c_x
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Exact convergence constants.
|
||||
R = 151931373056001
|
||||
x0 = Q(1, R)
|
||||
theta3_sum = Q(1, 3)*(1+Q(4, 3)+Q(1, 9))/(1-Q(1, 3))**4
|
||||
assert theta3_sum == Q(33, 8) < 5
|
||||
|
||||
# On the unit circle, the absolute cubic coefficient of Q_R strictly
|
||||
# dominates the sum of the other four coefficient magnitudes.
|
||||
rouche_margin = 64*R**3 - 105*R**2 + 250*R - 217
|
||||
assert rouche_margin > 0
|
||||
|
||||
# The cleared difference proving
|
||||
# 576 N^2(2N+1)^2/((6N+1)(6N+5)) >= 29 N^2
|
||||
# is N^2(431+1260N+1260N^2).
|
||||
assert all(c > 0 for c in (431, 1260, 1260))
|
||||
|
||||
beta = Q(400_000_000, 29)*x0**2/(Q(1, 4)*(1-x0))
|
||||
assert beta == Q(3125, 1307443596565949700399927)
|
||||
assert beta < Q(4, 10**19) < 1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
print("PASS: exact rank-one transfer factorization")
|
||||
print("PASS: exact transformed ODE and compact-row cancellation")
|
||||
print("PASS: exact Rouché separation of the characteristic roots")
|
||||
print("PASS: exact convergence constants; beta =", beta)
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
22
experiments/ramanujan_28/submission/run_checks.sh
Executable file
22
experiments/ramanujan_28/submission/run_checks.sh
Executable file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
|||
#!/usr/bin/env bash
|
||||
set -euo pipefail
|
||||
|
||||
cd "$(dirname "$0")"
|
||||
|
||||
python3 certificates/p28_rank_ode_bound_verifier.py
|
||||
python3 certificates/p28_convergence_constants.py
|
||||
python3 certificates/p28_parametric_pade_probe.py
|
||||
|
||||
if command -v wolframscript >/dev/null 2>&1; then
|
||||
wolframscript -file certificates/p28_full_closure_certificate.wl
|
||||
else
|
||||
echo "SKIP: wolframscript is not installed; see the included PASS transcript."
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
||||
if command -v sage >/dev/null 2>&1; then
|
||||
sage certificates/p28_kernel_contiguity_certificate.sage
|
||||
sage certificates/p28_lattice_hypotheses_certificate.sage
|
||||
sage certificates/all_four_columns_certificate.sage
|
||||
else
|
||||
echo "SKIP: SageMath is not installed; independent Sage checks were not run."
|
||||
fi
|
||||
BIN
experiments/ramanujan_28/submission/solution.pdf
Normal file
BIN
experiments/ramanujan_28/submission/solution.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
778
experiments/ramanujan_28/submission/solution.tex
Normal file
778
experiments/ramanujan_28/submission/solution.tex
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,778 @@
|
|||
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
|
||||
\usepackage{lmodern}
|
||||
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm,mathtools}
|
||||
\usepackage{array,booktabs}
|
||||
\usepackage{enumitem}
|
||||
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
|
||||
\usepackage{microtype}
|
||||
\usepackage{xcolor}
|
||||
\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
|
||||
\usepackage{listings}
|
||||
|
||||
\definecolor{codegray}{RGB}{245,245,245}
|
||||
\lstset{
|
||||
basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,
|
||||
backgroundcolor=\color{codegray},
|
||||
frame=single,
|
||||
breaklines=true,
|
||||
columns=fullflexible,
|
||||
keepspaces=true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
|
||||
\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
|
||||
\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
|
||||
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
|
||||
\theoremstyle{definition}
|
||||
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
|
||||
\theoremstyle{remark}
|
||||
\newtheorem{remark}{Remark}
|
||||
|
||||
\newcommand{\F}[2]{{}_{#1}F_{#2}}
|
||||
\newcommand{\Q}{\mathbb{Q}}
|
||||
\newcommand{\e}{\mathbf e}
|
||||
\newcommand{\diag}{\operatorname{diag}}
|
||||
\newcommand{\ord}{\operatorname{ord}}
|
||||
|
||||
\title{An Exact Hypergeometric Tail Certificate for\\
|
||||
Ramanujan Challenge Problem 2.8}
|
||||
\author{Problem 2.8 submission}
|
||||
\date{July 2026}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{document}
|
||||
\maketitle
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{abstract}
|
||||
Let \(G_N=M_0M_1\cdots M_{N-1}\) be the \(4\times4\) transfer
|
||||
product in Ramanujan Challenge Problem 2.8, and let \(P_{N,j}\) and
|
||||
\(Q_{N,j}\) be the two official seeded rows evaluated in column \(j\).
|
||||
We prove
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_{N,j}}{Q_{N,j}}
|
||||
=\frac{\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}
|
||||
\qquad (j=1,2,3,4).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Equivalently, \(Q_{N,j}/P_{N,j}\to\pi/\sqrt{10005}\).
|
||||
|
||||
The missing connection constant is fixed by an exact rank-three
|
||||
hypergeometric tail. A nonterminating \(\F43\) Euler jet is carried
|
||||
backward by the authoritative matrix, while the first denominator is a
|
||||
terminating adjoint \(\F43\). Their common differential gauge gives an
|
||||
all-\(N\) Pad\'e divisibility theorem. Positivity of the terminating
|
||||
denominator at the negative CM point, together with a balanced-transfer
|
||||
Cauchy estimate, turns that formal divisibility into a direct fixed-point
|
||||
convergence proof. The symbolic contiguity and adjoint identities are
|
||||
included as reproducible Wolfram Language and SageMath certificates.
|
||||
\end{abstract}
|
||||
|
||||
\tableofcontents
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Statement and compact form of the seeds}
|
||||
|
||||
Put
|
||||
\[
|
||||
R=151931373056001=53360^3+1,\qquad
|
||||
x_0=\frac1R,\qquad
|
||||
z=-\frac{x}{1-x}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Thus the official CM point is
|
||||
\[
|
||||
z_0=-\frac1{R-1}=-\frac1{53360^3}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Let
|
||||
\[
|
||||
G_N=M_0M_1\cdots M_{N-1},\qquad G_0=I_4,
|
||||
\]
|
||||
where \(M_N=M(N,x)\) is the authoritative transfer matrix in the analytic
|
||||
deformation
|
||||
\[
|
||||
236337691420383\ \longmapsto\ \frac{14/x-567}{9}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
At \(x=x_0\), this is the exact identity
|
||||
\(236337691420383=(14R-567)/9\). Thus every later use of Cauchy's theorem
|
||||
concerns this explicitly defined rational \(x\)-family.
|
||||
The complete entries of \(M(N,x)\) appear verbatim in the accompanying
|
||||
CAS certificates.
|
||||
|
||||
Define four Pascal rows
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\begin{aligned}
|
||||
b_0&=(1,0,0,0),&
|
||||
b_1&=(1,1,0,0),\\
|
||||
b_2&=(1,2,1,0),&
|
||||
b_3&=(1,3,3,1)
|
||||
\end{aligned}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
and let \(\mathcal P\) be the matrix with rows \(b_0,b_1,b_2,b_3\).
|
||||
The compact denominator row is
|
||||
\[
|
||||
C(x)=
|
||||
\left(
|
||||
\frac{18}{x}+\frac{159}{4},\
|
||||
\frac{54}{x}+\frac{131}{2},\
|
||||
\frac{54}{x}+27,\
|
||||
\frac{18}{x}
|
||||
\right).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Equivalently,
|
||||
\[
|
||||
C=\frac{18}{x}b_3+\frac54b_0+\frac{23}{2}b_1+27b_2.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Set
|
||||
\[
|
||||
A=13591409,\qquad B=545140134,\qquad S=426880.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The two official initial rows have the exact form
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:seed-identities}
|
||||
A_1=SC,\qquad
|
||||
A_0=AC-\frac54H_0,\qquad
|
||||
H_0=Ab_0+Bb_1=(A+B,B,0,0).
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
At \(x=x_0\), these identities reproduce the official integer rows
|
||||
entry by entry.
|
||||
|
||||
For \(j=1,\ldots,4\), write
|
||||
\[
|
||||
P_{N,j}=A_0G_N\e_j,\qquad
|
||||
Q_{N,j}=A_1G_N\e_j.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
We first identify the first-column limit and then invoke the exact cyclic
|
||||
frame to cover all four columns.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{The CM function and its exact value}
|
||||
|
||||
Let
|
||||
\[
|
||||
y(z)=\F32\left(
|
||||
\begin{matrix}\frac16,\frac12,\frac56\\1,1\end{matrix};z
|
||||
\right),
|
||||
\qquad
|
||||
\theta=z\frac{d}{dz}=(1-x)x\frac{d}{dx},
|
||||
\]
|
||||
and define
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:phi}
|
||||
\Phi(x)=\frac{Ay(z)+B\theta y(z)}{S}.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
The classical Chudnovsky identity is
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\frac1\pi=
|
||||
\frac{12}{640320^{3/2}}
|
||||
\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}
|
||||
\frac{(6k)!}{(3k)!(k!)^3}
|
||||
(A+Bk)(-640320^{-3})^k.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The elementary coefficient identity
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\frac{(6k)!}{(3k)!(k!)^3}
|
||||
=1728^k
|
||||
\frac{(\frac16)_k(\frac12)_k(\frac56)_k}{(k!)^3}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
and \(640320=12\cdot53360\) give
|
||||
\[
|
||||
Ay(z_0)+B\theta y(z_0)
|
||||
=\frac{640320^{3/2}}{12\pi}
|
||||
=\frac{426880\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Consequently,
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:CM-value}
|
||||
\boxed{\Phi(x_0)=\frac{\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}.}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{The nonterminating adjoint tail}
|
||||
|
||||
Put \(n=N+1\) and \(\delta_N=\theta-n\). Define
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tail}
|
||||
F_N(z)=\kappa_Nz^n
|
||||
\F43\left(
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
n,n+\frac16,n+\frac12,n+\frac56\\
|
||||
2n,2n,2n
|
||||
\end{matrix};z\right),
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
where
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\kappa_0=\frac5{72},\qquad
|
||||
\frac{\kappa_{N+1}}{\kappa_N}
|
||||
=-\frac{(6N+7)(6N+11)}
|
||||
{576(N+1)^2(2N+3)^2}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Its Euler jet is
|
||||
\[
|
||||
k_N=\left(F_N,\delta_NF_N,\delta_N^2F_N,\delta_N^3F_N\right)^T.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proposition}[Exact tail contiguity]\label{prop:tail-contiguity}
|
||||
For every \(N\ge0\),
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tail-contiguity}
|
||||
\boxed{M_Nk_{N+1}=k_N.}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
\end{proposition}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
The first row is verified coefficientwise from the ratio of consecutive
|
||||
\(\F43\) coefficients. For the other rows, let \(t=\delta_{N+1}\).
|
||||
The shifted tail satisfies
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\left[
|
||||
(1-x)t(t+u)^3+
|
||||
x(t+n+1)(t+n+\tfrac76)(t+n+\tfrac32)(t+n+\tfrac{11}{6})
|
||||
\right]F_{N+1}=0,
|
||||
\]
|
||||
where \(u=2N+3\). Each of the remaining three row differences is divided
|
||||
by this degree-four Ore polynomial; its remainder is identically zero in
|
||||
\(\Q(N,x)[t]\). The exact coefficient identity, the three Ore divisions,
|
||||
and the normalization ratio are checked in
|
||||
\texttt{p28\_full\_closure\_certificate.wl} and
|
||||
\texttt{p28\_kernel\_contiguity\_certificate.sage}.
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
For \(N=0\), the standard ascension identity gives
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ascension}
|
||||
F_0=y-1
|
||||
=\frac5{72}z
|
||||
\F43\left(
|
||||
\begin{matrix}1,\frac76,\frac32,\frac{11}{6}\\2,2,2\end{matrix};z
|
||||
\right).
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
Because \(\mathcal P\) is the Pascal matrix,
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\mathcal Pk_0=
|
||||
(y-1,\theta y,\theta^2y,\theta^3y)^T.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
|
||||
\section{The rank-three error carrier}
|
||||
|
||||
Set
|
||||
\[
|
||||
f=(y-1,\theta y,\theta^2y,\theta^3y)^T,\qquad
|
||||
\mathcal E_0=\frac54\mathcal P+fC,\qquad
|
||||
\mathcal E_N=\mathcal E_0G_N.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The transformed hypergeometric equation is
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:transformed-ode}
|
||||
72\theta^3y+108x\theta^2y+46x\theta y+5xy=0.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
Using the displayed decomposition of \(C\), equations
|
||||
\eqref{eq:ascension}--\eqref{eq:transformed-ode} give
|
||||
\[
|
||||
Ck_0=-\frac54.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
It follows that
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\mathcal E_0k_0=\frac54f+f(Ck_0)=0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Proposition~\ref{prop:tail-contiguity} therefore implies
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:annihilation}
|
||||
\boxed{\mathcal E_Nk_N=0\qquad(N\ge0).}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
The same differential equation gives the exact row relation
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:row-relation}
|
||||
72(\mathcal E_N)_{3,*}
|
||||
+108x(\mathcal E_N)_{2,*}
|
||||
+46x(\mathcal E_N)_{1,*}
|
||||
+5x(\mathcal E_N)_{0,*}=0.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{A discrete valuation lemma}
|
||||
|
||||
Let
|
||||
\[
|
||||
H=\diag(x,1,1,1),\qquad J_N=HM_N.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Every entry of \(J_N\) is regular at \(x=0\). If \(u=2N+3\) and
|
||||
\[
|
||||
a_N=\frac{144(u-1)^2}{u(3u-2)(3u+2)},\qquad
|
||||
V_N=(u^3,3u^2,3u,1),
|
||||
\]
|
||||
direct substitution in the authoritative matrix gives
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:rank-one}
|
||||
J_N(0)=
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}a_N\\-1\\-1\\-1\end{pmatrix}V_N.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
Thus \(J_N(0)\) has rank one.
|
||||
|
||||
The first nonconstant coefficient of the \(\F43\) in
|
||||
\eqref{eq:tail} equals
|
||||
\[
|
||||
c_N=\frac{u(3u-2)(3u+2)}{144(u-1)^2}=a_N^{-1}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Since \(z=-x+O(x^2)\),
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tail-direction}
|
||||
Hk_N=x^{N+2}\eta_N
|
||||
\left[
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}1\\-c_N\\-c_N\\-c_N\end{pmatrix}
|
||||
+O(x)
|
||||
\right],\qquad \eta_N\ne0.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
The leading vector in \eqref{eq:tail-direction} is precisely the image
|
||||
direction in \eqref{eq:rank-one}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{lemma}[DVR step, including the extra first-column zero]
|
||||
\label{lem:dvr}
|
||||
Let \(R_0=\Q[[x]]\), \(H=\diag(x,1,1,1)\), and suppose
|
||||
\[
|
||||
E=x^NLH,\qquad L\in\operatorname{Mat}_4(R_0),\qquad Ek=0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Assume \(J=HM\in\operatorname{Mat}_4(R_0)\), \(Mk^+=k\), and
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\begin{aligned}
|
||||
k^+&=x^r\alpha(\e_1+xs+O(x^2)),\\
|
||||
Hk&=x^r\beta(v_0+xv_1+O(x^2)),
|
||||
\end{aligned}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
with \(\alpha\beta\ne0\). If \(J(0)\) has rank one,
|
||||
\(\operatorname{im}J(0)=\Q v_0\), and \(J(0)\e_1\ne0\), then
|
||||
\[
|
||||
EM=x^{N+1}L^+H
|
||||
\]
|
||||
for some \(L^+\in\operatorname{Mat}_4(R_0)\).
|
||||
\end{lemma}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
Absorb \(\beta/\alpha\) into \(v_0,v_1\). From \(Jk^+=Hk\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
J(\e_1+xs+O(x^2))=v_0+xv_1+O(x^2).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Write \(L=L_0+xL_1+\cdots\). The equation \(L(Hk)=0\) gives
|
||||
\[
|
||||
L_0v_0=0,\qquad L_0v_1+L_1v_0=0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Since \(J(0)\) has image \(\Q v_0\), \(L_0J(0)=0\), so \(LJ\) is
|
||||
entrywise divisible by \(x\). The coefficient of \(x\) in its first
|
||||
column is
|
||||
\[
|
||||
L_0(v_1-J(0)s)+L_1v_0=-L_0J(0)s=0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Hence that column is divisible by \(x^2\). Therefore
|
||||
\[
|
||||
L^+=x^{-1}LJH^{-1}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
is regular and \(EM=x^{N+1}L^+H\).
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proposition}[All-\(N\) Pad\'e divisibility]\label{prop:divisibility}
|
||||
For every \(N\ge0\), there is
|
||||
\(L_N\in\operatorname{Mat}_4(\Q[[x]])\) such that
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:divisibility}
|
||||
\boxed{\mathcal E_N=x^NL_NH.}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
Thus every row of \(\mathcal E_N\) has componentwise valuations at least
|
||||
\[
|
||||
(N+1,N,N,N).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The last row has the stronger valuations
|
||||
\[
|
||||
(N+2,N+1,N+1,N+1).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
\end{proposition}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
Every component of \(f\) is \(O(x)\), while \(C\) has only a simple pole.
|
||||
All four components of \(f\) have leading term \(-5x/72\).
|
||||
Consequently the constant term in the first column of \(fC\) is
|
||||
\(-5/4\), cancelling the first component of every row of
|
||||
\((5/4)\mathcal P\). Hence \(\mathcal E_0=L_0H\).
|
||||
|
||||
Apply Lemma~\ref{lem:dvr} inductively, using
|
||||
\eqref{eq:annihilation}, \eqref{eq:rank-one},
|
||||
\eqref{eq:tail-direction}, and \(M_Nk_{N+1}=k_N\).
|
||||
The stronger last-row assertion follows from
|
||||
\eqref{eq:row-relation}.
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{The terminating denominator}
|
||||
|
||||
For the first column put
|
||||
\[
|
||||
q_N(x)=CG_N\e_1,\qquad n=N+1,\qquad Q_N(x)=x^nq_N(x),
|
||||
\]
|
||||
and define
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\widehat Q_N(z)
|
||||
=(1-z)^nQ_N\!\left(-\frac{z}{1-z}\right).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Since \(x=-z/(1-z)\), this is also the first component of
|
||||
\((-z)^nCG_N\).
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proposition}[Exact terminating denominator]
|
||||
\label{prop:terminating}
|
||||
For every \(N\ge0\),
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:qhat}
|
||||
\frac{\widehat Q_N(z)}{\alpha_n}
|
||||
=\F43\left(
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
-n,-n-\frac16,-n-\frac12,-n-\frac56\\
|
||||
1-2n,1-2n,1-2n
|
||||
\end{matrix};z
|
||||
\right),
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
where
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:normalization}
|
||||
\alpha_1=18,\qquad
|
||||
\frac{\alpha_{n+1}}{\alpha_n}
|
||||
=\frac{576n^2(2n+1)^2}{(6n+1)(6n+5)}.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
Here and below the hypergeometric expression denotes the unambiguous finite
|
||||
sum over \(0\le k\le n\); it terminates before any lower Pochhammer symbol
|
||||
can vanish.
|
||||
\end{proposition}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
The proof is an exact differential-gauge calculation in
|
||||
\(\Q(n,z)\). The nonterminating tail
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\F43\left(
|
||||
\begin{matrix}n,n+\frac16,n+\frac12,n+\frac56\\
|
||||
2n,2n,2n
|
||||
\end{matrix};z\right)
|
||||
\]
|
||||
has a \(4\times4\) Euler companion system. Direct simplification gives
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\mathcal C_n(z)\,[-zM(2n+1,-z/(1-z))]
|
||||
-\theta[-zM(2n+1,-z/(1-z))]
|
||||
-[-zM(2n+1,-z/(1-z))]\mathcal C_{n+1}(z)=0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The transformed seed \(-zC(-z/(1-z))\) is a horizontal adjoint row.
|
||||
Eliminating its other three coordinates from the horizontal equation
|
||||
produces exactly
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\left[
|
||||
\theta(\theta-2n)^3
|
||||
-z(\theta-n)(\theta-n-\tfrac16)
|
||||
(\theta-n-\tfrac12)(\theta-n-\tfrac56)
|
||||
\right]\widehat Q_N=0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The analytic solution normalized at \(z=0\) is the terminating
|
||||
\(\F43\) in \eqref{eq:qhat}.
|
||||
|
||||
For completeness, the CAS certificate does not rely only on this
|
||||
differential equation. It computes the actual one-step scalar operator
|
||||
and verifies its generic coefficient identity, its \(k=0\) normalization,
|
||||
and the separate top boundary \(k=n+1\). Every remainder simplifies
|
||||
identically to zero. This proves the statement for all \(n\), not merely
|
||||
for sampled values.
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{corollary}[Positivity at the CM point]\label{cor:positivity}
|
||||
At \(z_0=-1/53360^3\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\widehat Q_N(z_0)\ge\alpha_n>0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Moreover,
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\alpha_n\ge18\cdot29^N(N!)^2.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
\end{corollary}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
For \(0\le k\le n\), the coefficient of \(z^k\) in
|
||||
\eqref{eq:qhat} has sign \((-1)^k\). Since \(z_0<0\), every summand is
|
||||
nonnegative. Also
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\frac{576n^2(2n+1)^2}{(6n+1)(6n+5)}-29n^2
|
||||
=\frac{n^2(1260n^2+1260n+431)}
|
||||
{(6n+1)(6n+5)}>0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Iterating \eqref{eq:normalization} proves the lower bound.
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{From formal contact to convergence at
|
||||
\texorpdfstring{\(x_0\)}{x0}}
|
||||
|
||||
This step is included to rule out a beyond-all-orders ambiguity.
|
||||
For \(r=0,1\), let
|
||||
\[
|
||||
E_{N,r}(x)=(\mathcal E_N)_{r,1},\qquad
|
||||
\mathcal R_{N,r}(x)=x^nE_{N,r}(x).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Proposition~\ref{prop:divisibility} says that
|
||||
\(\mathcal R_{N,r}\) has a zero of order at least \(2n\).
|
||||
|
||||
Choose \(r_0=1/4\). On \(|x|=r_0\), \(|z|\le1/3\). The coefficients of
|
||||
\(y\) have modulus at most one, so
|
||||
\[
|
||||
|y-1|\le\frac12,\qquad
|
||||
|\theta^jy|\le\sum_{k\ge1}k^3(1/3)^k=\frac{33}{8}<5
|
||||
\quad(1\le j\le3).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Termwise estimates give \(\|\mathcal E_0\|_\infty<6000\).
|
||||
|
||||
For \(m\ge1\), put
|
||||
\[
|
||||
D(m)=\diag(1,m,m^2,m^3),\qquad
|
||||
\mathcal B_m=D(m)^{-1}M_mD(m+1)/(m+1)^2.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
On \(|x|=1/4\), direct estimates of the authoritative entries give
|
||||
\[
|
||||
|(M_m)_{ij}|\le10^4u^{\,i+2-j},\qquad u=2m+3,
|
||||
\]
|
||||
and therefore
|
||||
\[
|
||||
|(\mathcal B_m)_{ij}|
|
||||
\le10^4\left(\frac um\right)^{i-1}
|
||||
\left(\frac u{m+1}\right)^{3-j}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
For \(m\ge1\), \(u/m\le5\) and \(u/(m+1)\le5/2\); summing four entries in
|
||||
each row gives the deliberately loose uniform bound
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\|\mathcal B_m\|_\infty\le4\cdot10^8,\qquad
|
||||
\|M_0\|_\infty<10^7.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The balancing telescopes:
|
||||
\[
|
||||
G_N=M_0(N!)^2\mathcal B_1\cdots
|
||||
\mathcal B_{N-1}D(N)^{-1}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
It follows that, for \(N\ge1\),
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:circle-bound}
|
||||
\max_{|x|=1/4}|\mathcal R_{N,r}(x)|
|
||||
\le6\cdot10^{10}(N!)^2(4\cdot10^8)^{N-1}(1/4)^n.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
Applying the maximum principle to
|
||||
\(\mathcal R_{N,r}(x)/x^{2n}\) gives
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:cauchy}
|
||||
|\mathcal R_{N,r}(x_0)|
|
||||
\le6\cdot10^{10}(N!)^2(4\cdot10^8)^{N-1}(1/4)^n
|
||||
(4x_0)^{2n}.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Because \(1-z=1/(1-x)\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
Q_N(x_0)=(1-x_0)^n\widehat Q_N(z_0).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Corollary~\ref{cor:positivity} yields
|
||||
\[
|
||||
Q_N(x_0)\ge
|
||||
18\cdot29^N(N!)^2(1-x_0)^n.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Combining this with \eqref{eq:cauchy}, we obtain
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:geometric-error}
|
||||
\left|\frac{E_{N,r}(x_0)}{q_N(x_0)}\right|
|
||||
=\left|\frac{\mathcal R_{N,r}(x_0)}{Q_N(x_0)}\right|
|
||||
\le C(x_0)\,\beta(x_0)^N,
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
where \(C(x_0)<\infty\) and
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\beta(x_0)=
|
||||
\frac{4\cdot10^8}{29}
|
||||
\frac{x_0^2}{(1/4)(1-x_0)}
|
||||
=\frac{3125}{1307443596565949700399927}
|
||||
<4\cdot10^{-19}<1.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Therefore
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:error-vanish}
|
||||
\frac{E_{N,0}(x_0)}{q_N(x_0)}\longrightarrow0,\qquad
|
||||
\frac{E_{N,1}(x_0)}{q_N(x_0)}\longrightarrow0.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Identification of the first-column limit}
|
||||
|
||||
By \eqref{eq:seed-identities} and the definition of \(\Phi\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
A_0-\Phi A_1
|
||||
=-A(\mathcal E_0)_{0,*}-B(\mathcal E_0)_{1,*}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Multiplying by \(G_N\e_1\), dividing by
|
||||
\(A_1G_N\e_1=S q_N\), and using
|
||||
\eqref{eq:error-vanish}, we get
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}
|
||||
\frac{A_0G_N\e_1}{A_1G_N\e_1}
|
||||
=\Phi(x_0).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Equation \eqref{eq:CM-value} therefore proves
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:first-column}
|
||||
\boxed{
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_{N,1}}{Q_{N,1}}
|
||||
=\frac{\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}.}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{The other three official columns}
|
||||
|
||||
For completeness, we recall the exact finite-frame reduction already used
|
||||
to establish convergence of the recurrence. The balanced transfer tends
|
||||
to
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\mathcal S=
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
64R-44&96R-54&48R-17&8R\\
|
||||
-8&-12&-6&-1\\
|
||||
R^{-1}&-4R^{-1}&-6R^{-1}&-2R^{-1}\\
|
||||
2R^{-2}&(17R-8)R^{-2}&4(5R-3)R^{-2}&(6R-4)R^{-2}
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Its characteristic polynomial is \(Q_R(t)/R^2\), where
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\begin{aligned}
|
||||
Q_R(t)={}&R^2t^4-(64R^3-56R^2-4)t^3\\
|
||||
&+(48R^2-262R+220)t^2-(12R-8)t+1.
|
||||
\end{aligned}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The quartic is irreducible. Its spectral separation is also exact: on
|
||||
\(|t|=1\), the absolute value of its cubic coefficient exceeds the sum of
|
||||
the other coefficient magnitudes, because
|
||||
\[
|
||||
(64R^3-56R^2-4)-(49R^2-250R+213)
|
||||
=64R^3-105R^2+250R-217>0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Rouch\'e's theorem therefore places exactly three roots in \(|t|<1\) and
|
||||
the remaining root \(\rho\) in \(|t|>1\). Hence \(\rho\) is the unique
|
||||
root of maximal modulus.
|
||||
|
||||
We next remove any possible nonvanishing assumption about the denominator.
|
||||
The positivity estimate above and \(Q_N=x_0^nq_N\) give
|
||||
\begin{equation}\label{eq:q-lower}
|
||||
q_N(x_0)\ge
|
||||
18\cdot29^N(N!)^2
|
||||
\left(\frac{1-x_0}{x_0}\right)^{N+1}.
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
The scalar recurrence obtained from the first cyclic coordinate is of
|
||||
Poincar\'e type after the \((N!)^2\) balancing. The discrete
|
||||
Birkhoff--Poincar\'e theorem \([4,\text{ Chapters 3 and 5}]\) applies because
|
||||
the balanced coefficients are rational in \(N\), have full expansions in
|
||||
\(N^{-1}\), and the limiting spectrum is simple. If the coefficient of the
|
||||
\(\rho\)-mode in \(q_N\) were zero, the three-root separation just proved
|
||||
would give, for some \(\tau<1\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
|q_N(x_0)|\le K_\tau (N!)^2\tau^N.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
This contradicts \eqref{eq:q-lower}. Thus the dominant denominator
|
||||
coefficient is nonzero by a wholly exact argument.
|
||||
|
||||
It remains to transfer the first-column result to the other columns. For
|
||||
\(r\ge1\), put
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\begin{aligned}
|
||||
F_r&=[\,\e_1,M_r\e_1,M_rM_{r+1}\e_1,
|
||||
M_rM_{r+1}M_{r+2}\e_1\,],\\
|
||||
\gamma_{r,k}&=\prod_{\ell=1}^{k}(r+\ell)^2,\\
|
||||
C_r&=[\,\e_1,\mathcal B_r\e_1,
|
||||
\mathcal B_r\mathcal B_{r+1}\e_1,
|
||||
\mathcal B_r\mathcal B_{r+1}\mathcal B_{r+2}\e_1\,].
|
||||
\end{aligned}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The balancing telescopes exactly:
|
||||
\[
|
||||
F_r=D(r)C_r\diag(\gamma_{r,0},\ldots,\gamma_{r,3}),
|
||||
\qquad
|
||||
C_r\longrightarrow
|
||||
C=[\,\e_1,\mathcal S\e_1,\mathcal S^2\e_1,\mathcal S^3\e_1\,].
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The limiting cyclic frame is nonsingular:
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\det C
|
||||
=-\frac{4(27R-11)(128R^2-149R-43)}{R^6}\ne0.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Thus \(F_r\) is invertible for all sufficiently large \(r\). If
|
||||
\(y_r(a)=aG_r\e_1\), exact inversion of this frame gives
|
||||
\[
|
||||
aG_r\e_j=r^{-(j-1)}
|
||||
\sum_{k=0}^{3}(C_r^{-1})_{k+1,j}
|
||||
\frac{y_{r+k}(a)}{\gamma_{r,k}}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
The same Birkhoff--Poincar\'e theorem supplies a linear dominant functional
|
||||
\(\Lambda\) and an exponent \(\sigma\) such that, for fixed \(k\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\frac{y_{r+k}(a)}
|
||||
{(r!)^2\rho^r r^\sigma\gamma_{r,k}}
|
||||
\longrightarrow\Lambda(a)\rho^k.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Consequently
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\frac{aG_r\e_j}
|
||||
{(r!)^2\rho^r r^{\sigma-(j-1)}}
|
||||
\longrightarrow\Lambda(a)\,\widetilde w_j,\qquad
|
||||
\widetilde w=[1,\rho,\rho^2,\rho^3]C^{-1}.
|
||||
\]
|
||||
An explicit left eigenvector is obtained from the first row of
|
||||
\(R^2\operatorname{adj}(tI-\mathcal S)\). Each of its four coordinate
|
||||
polynomials is coprime to \(Q_R\); hence no coordinate vanishes at \(\rho\).
|
||||
It is a nonzero multiple of \(\widetilde w\), so
|
||||
\(\widetilde w_j\ne0\) for every \(j\). Applying the last limit to
|
||||
\(a=A_0,A_1\), using the exact denominator nonvanishing above, gives
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_{N,j}}{Q_{N,j}}
|
||||
=\frac{\Lambda(A_0)}{\Lambda(A_1)}
|
||||
\qquad(j=1,2,3,4).
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Equation \eqref{eq:first-column} evaluates this common ratio. We conclude:
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{theorem}[Ramanujan Challenge Problem 2.8]\label{thm:main}
|
||||
For every official column \(j=1,2,3,4\),
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\boxed{
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_{N,j}}{Q_{N,j}}
|
||||
=\frac{\sqrt{10005}}{\pi}.}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
Equivalently,
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\boxed{
|
||||
\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{Q_{N,j}}{P_{N,j}}
|
||||
=\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{10005}}.}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
\end{theorem}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Reproducibility map}
|
||||
|
||||
The proof package contains the following certificates.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\begin{tabular}{
|
||||
>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.41\textwidth}
|
||||
p{0.49\textwidth}}
|
||||
\toprule
|
||||
File & Exact obligation\\
|
||||
\midrule
|
||||
\path{p28_full_closure_certificate.wl}
|
||||
& Authoritative differential gauge; nonterminating tail contiguity;
|
||||
terminating adjoint equation; coefficientwise \(n\)-contiguity;
|
||||
normalization and top boundary; exact spectral and cyclic-frame closure.\\
|
||||
\path{p28_kernel_contiguity_certificate.sage}
|
||||
& Independent coefficient/Ore proof of \(M_Nk_{N+1}=k_N\).\\
|
||||
\path{p28_lattice_hypotheses_certificate.sage}
|
||||
& Rank-one factorization, tail direction, and transformed ODE identities.\\
|
||||
\path{p28_convergence_constants.py}
|
||||
& Exact rational verification of the coefficient bounds,
|
||||
\(\alpha_{n+1}/\alpha_n\ge29n^2\), and \(\beta(x_0)<1\).\\
|
||||
\path{all_four_columns_certificate.sage}
|
||||
& Balanced limit, Rouch\'e separation, nonzero eigenvector coordinates,
|
||||
and invertible cyclic frame.\\
|
||||
\path{p28_parametric_pade_probe.py}
|
||||
& Dependency-free finite exact regression of the predicted valuations.\\
|
||||
\bottomrule
|
||||
\end{tabular}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
|
||||
The Wolfram certificate performs symbolic identities over
|
||||
\(\Q(n,z)\); it uses no numerical samples. The Python constants check uses
|
||||
only the standard library's \texttt{fractions.Fraction}. The SageMath
|
||||
files are independent exact cross-checks.
|
||||
|
||||
\section*{References}
|
||||
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}[label={[\arabic*]}]
|
||||
\item D. V. Chudnovsky and G. V. Chudnovsky,
|
||||
``Approximations and complex multiplication according to Ramanujan,''
|
||||
in \emph{Ramanujan Revisited}, Academic Press, 1988, pp.~375--472.
|
||||
\item J. L. Fields,
|
||||
``Rational approximations to generalized hypergeometric functions,''
|
||||
\emph{Mathematics of Computation} \textbf{19} (1965), 606--624,
|
||||
\href{https://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0194620-7}
|
||||
{doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0194620-7}.
|
||||
\item Yu. V. Nesterenko,
|
||||
``Hermite--Pad\'e approximants of generalized hypergeometric
|
||||
functions,'' \emph{Russian Acad. Sci. Sb. Math.}
|
||||
\textbf{83} (1995), 189--219.
|
||||
\item S. Bodine and D. A. Lutz,
|
||||
\emph{Asymptotic Integration of Differential and Difference Equations},
|
||||
Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2129, Springer, 2015, Chapters 3 and 5.
|
||||
\item The Ramanujan Machine,
|
||||
\href{https://www.ramanujanmachine.com/ramanujan-challenge/}
|
||||
{Ramanujan Challenge}, Problem 2.8.
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
\end{document}
|
||||
Loading…
Add table
Reference in a new issue